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Uncategorised
Biodiversiti
Penemuan-Penemuan Ekspedisi Yang Signifikan Ekspedisi Saintifik Kepelbagaian Biologi Hutan
Malaysia telah diiktirafkan sebagai salah sebuah negara ‘mega-kepelbagaian’ di dunia. Sejajar dengan pengiktirafan ini, kerajaan Malaysia telah memberi persetujuan dan komitmen untuk mempertingkatkan keberkesanan pengurusan, pemeliharaan dan pembangunan sumber kepelbagaian biologi hutan negara secara berkekalan. Dalam konteks ini, penekanan berterusan diberikan ke atas aspek-aspek pemeliharaan, pemuliharaan, penggunaan secara lestari dan perkongsian secara saksama dan adil terhadap sumber tersebut.
Dalam usaha untuk mengumpul maklumat-maklumat kepelbagaian biologi daripada kawasan-kawasan semulajadi Negara kita, Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia (JPSM) telah menganjurkan siri-siri Ekspedisi Saintifik Kepelbagaian Biologi Hutan di kawasan-kawasan berhutan terutamanya kawasan Hutan Simpanan Kekal (HSK). Penganjuran ekspedisi ini melibatkan pelbagai disiplin yang merentas sempadan (cross sectoral) seperti aspek fizikal ekosistem hutan, kepelbagaian biologi flora dan fauna, ekopelancongan, ekologi, rekreasi, geologi, arkeologi dan sosio-ekonomi. Ekspedisi Saintifik yang dianjurkan telah disertai oleh para saintis dan penyelidik daripada pelbagai Jabatan dan Agensi Kerajaan, Institusi Penyelidikan, Institusi Pengajian Tinggi Awam, Badan-Badan Bukan Kerajaan serta juga individu yang mempunyai minat khusus terhadap bidang pengurusan hutan serta kepelbagaian biologi hutan.
Di samping pegawai dan kakitangan JPSM, institusi yang sering terlibat secara aktif dalam setiap ekspedisi adalah seperti Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Universiti Malaya (UM), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UNISZA), Jabatan landskap dan Taman, Perbadanan Putrajaya, Agensi Remote Sensing Malaysia (ARSM), World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Institut Penyelidikan Perubatan (IMR), Folia Malaysiana, Malaysian Nature Society (MNS), Institut Penyelidikan Perhutanan Malaysia (FRIM), Standards and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM), dan Jabatan Perlindungan Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negara (PERHILITAN).
Sehingga kini, sebanyak 44 siri Ekspedisi Saintifik telah dianjurkan di Semenanjung Malaysia yang meliputi pelbagai ekosistem hutan daripada hutan paya laut (bakau), hutan paya gambut, hutan tanah pamah hinggalah ke hutan pergunungan. Melalui siri ekspedisi yang dilaksanakan, pelbagai penemuan yang signifikan termasuk spesies baru, endemik, dan unik bagi flora dan fauna telah berjaya direkodkan. Sebahagian daripada hasil penemuan signifikan daripada siri ekspedisi saintifik ini telah dibukukan dalam siri prosiding kepelbagaian biologi hutan yang diterbitkan oleh JPSM. Sehingga kini, sebanyak 28 siri prosiding telah dikeluarkan iaitu:
Letter of Promotion/Acting Officer/Exchange Of Officer
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NO. NAME POSITION / GRADE OLD WORK PLACEMENT NEW WORK PLACEMENT EFFECTIVE DATE 1. Kadri bin Shaari Pemelihara Hutan G9 Pejabat Hutan Daerah Terengganu Utara
Jabatan Perhutanan Negeri TerengganuSeksyen Forest Eco-Park dan Hutan Taman Negeri
Bahagian Forest Eco-Park dan Hutan Taman Negeri
Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia02.01.2025 2. Mohd Jamaluddin bin Marzuki Pemelihara Hutan G9 Bahagian Perundangan dan Pendakwaan
Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung MalaysiaPejabat Hutan Daerah Terengganu Utara
Jabatan Perhutanan Negeri Terengganu02.01.2025 3. Ali Gema Hidayatullah bin Zainal Rain Rancis Renjer Hutan/ Penolong Pemelihara Hutan G6 Bahagian Ladang Hutan dan Perlindungan Hutan
Jabatan Perhutanan Negeri SembilanPejabat Hutan Daerah Negeri Sembilan Timur
Jabatan Perhutanan Negeri Sembilan02.01.2025 4. Nurulhaida binti Ibrahim Renjer Hutan/ Penolong Pemelihara Hutan G6 Jabatan Perhutanan Wilyah Persekutuan
Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung MalaysiaSeksyen Kawalan Biologi Hutan
Bahagian Silvikultur dan Pemeliharaan Biologi Hutan
Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia02.01.2025 5. Shaid Syazwan bin Muhamad Renjer Hutan/ Penolong Pemelihara Hutan G6 Bahagian Penguatkuasaan Hutan
Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung MalaysiaBahagian Ladang Hutan dan Perlindungan Hutan
Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia02.01.2025 6. Md Nurraheim bin Mohd Ali Renjer Hutan/ Penolong Pemelihara Hutan G6 Bahagian Ladang Hutan dan Perlindungan Hutan
Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung MalaysiaJabatan Perhutanan Wilyah Persekutuan
Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia02.01.2025 7. Che Rosmi bin Che Ali Renjer Hutan/ Penolong Pemelihara Hutan G6 Bahagian Silvikultur dan Pemeliharaan Biologi Hutan
Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung MalaysiaPejabat Negeri Terengganu
Bahagian Penguatkuasaan Hutan
Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia02.01.2025 8. Che Aslinaliza binti Che Ahmad Pegawai Teknologi Maklumat F13 Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia Pengarah
Bahagian Pengurusan Maklumat
Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia09.12.2024 9. Mohammad Luqman bin Humaidi Perangkawan E9 Seksyen Ekonomi Hutan
Bahagian Perancangan Dan Ekonomi Hutan
Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung MalaysiaJabatan Perangkaan Malaysia, Putrajaya 09.12.2024 10. Roziati binti abdul Aziz Pegawai Teknologi Maklumat F10 Bahagian Pengurusan Maklumat
Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung MalaysiaInstitut Tadbiran Negara (INTAN) 02.12.2024 11. Yuhanis binti Mohd Amin Pegawai Teknologi Maklumat F10 Institut Tadbiran Negara (INTAN) Bahagian Pengurusan Maklumat
Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia02.12.2024 12. Albert Empawi Anak Tindit Pemelihara Hutan G9 Penolong Pengarah Penguatkuasaan (Rekod dan Perangkaan)
Bahagian Penguatkuasaan Hutan
Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung MalaysiaPenolong Pengarah Penguatkuasaan Perisikan
Seksyen Penguatkuasaan
Bahagian Penguatkuasaan Hutan
Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia Pemelihara Hutan02.12.2024 13. Khairil bin Sarip Pemelihara Hutan G10 Pegawai Hutan Daerah Larut dan Matang, JPN Perak Penolong Pengarah ( Khidmat Perundingan dan Jaminan Kualiti ) Bahagian Perancangan dan Ekonomi Hutan, JPSM 01.12.2024 14. Mohd Firdaus bin Jamel Pemelihara Hutan G10 Penolong Pengarah ( Khidmat Perundingan dan Jaminan Kualiti ), Bahagian Perancangan dan Ekonomi Hutan, JPSM Pegawai Hutan Daerah Larut dan Matang, JPN Perak 01.12.2024 15. Suhana binti Bebakar Pemelihara Hutan G10 Penolong Pengarah Tanaman Bakau, Bahagian Ladang Hutan dan Perlindungan Hutan, JPSM Penolong Pengarah Perancangan Mikro dan Makro II, Bahagian Perancangan dan Ekonomi Hutan,JPSM 01.12.2024 16. Siti Sarah binti Shaharuddin Pemelihara Hutan G10 Penolong Pengarah Perancangan Mikro dan Makro II,Bahagian Perancangan dan Ekonomi Hutan, JPSM Penolong Pengarah Tanaman Bakau, Bahagian Ladang Hutan dan Perlindungan Hutan, JPSM 01.12.2024 17. Mohd Fauzan bin Misron Pemelihara Hutan G10 Penolong Pengarah (Perancangan dan Pembangunan)
Seksyen Central Forest Spine
Bahagian Pengurusan Hutan, JPSMPegawai Hutan Daerah Kuala Kangsar,
Pejabat Hutan Daerah Kuala Kangsar
JPN Perak"01.12.2024 -
NO. NAME POSITION / GRADE NEW POSTING EFFECTIVE DATE 1. Mohd Jamaluddin bin Marzuki Pemelihara Hutan G9 Bahagian Perundangan dan Pendakwaan
Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia02.12.2025 2. Insan Nurkamil bin Idris Pemelihara Hutan G9 Bahagian Penguatkuasaan Hutan
Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia02.12.2025 3. Donald Gabriel Guakin Pemelihara Hutan G9 Penolong Pengarah Perindustrian dan Pengusahasilan
Jabatan Perhutanan Negeri Selangor02.12.2025 4. Asmadi bin Mohd Pemelihara Hutan G9 Bahagian Perundangan dan Pendakwaan
Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia02.12.2025 5. Wan Alya binti Wan Deraman Pemelihara Hutan G9 Bahagian Penguatkuasaan Hutan
Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia02.12.2025 6. Danieal Airil a/l Raduan Pembantu Penyelidik Q1 Seksyen Perancangan Mikro & Makro
Bahagian Perancangan dan Ekonomi Hutan
Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia02.12.2025 7. Nik Abdul Rahim bin Nik Kamarudin Pembantu Penyelidik Q1 Seksyen Perancangan dan Penilaian Sumber Hutan
Bahagian Pengurusan Hutan
Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia02.12.2025 -
NO. NAME POSITION / GRADE OLD WORK PLACEMENT NEW WORK PLACEMENT EFFECTIVE DATE No Acting Officer Currently. -
NO. NAME POSITION / GRADE POSTING EFFECTIVE DATE No Promotion Currently.
Spesies Ladang
| BIl | SPESIES | PENERANGAN | GAMBAR |
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| 1. | Hevea brasiliensis (Getah) Timber Latex Clone (TLC) | TLC ditanam bagi tujuan pengeluaran kayu-kayan sebagai produk utama dan lateks sebagai produk sampingan. Spesies getah mempunyai kadar tumbesaran yang cepat dan penghasilan susu getah yang tinggi. Ia boleh digunakan untuk pembuatan perabot, papan serpai dan papan berketumpatan sederahana. |  |
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| 2. | Acacia mangium (Akasia) | Spesies ini berasal dari Australia Utara, Papua-New Guinea dan Indonesia Timur (Maluku dan Irian Jaya). Ia biasa didapati di kawasan tanah pamah yang mempunyai ketinggian bawah 100m dari aras laut. Spesies ini boleh membesar sehingga mencapai ketinggian 30m. Antara kegunaannya adalah untuk pembuatan perabot dan kabinet, rangka pintu, kayu kumai, binaan ringan serta pulpa dan kertas. |  |
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| 3. | Tectona grandis (Jati) | Jati dikategorikan sebagai spesies cepat tumbuh dan boleh mencapai ketinggian maksimum sehingga 85m. Jati adalah salah satu kayu yang paling berharga di Asia Tenggara. Kayunya yang tahan lama dan warna semula jadi yang menarik menyebabkan ia sesuai untuk dijadikan perabot yang berkualiti tinggi. |  |
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| 4. | Azadirachta excelsa (Sentang) | Sentang merupakan tanaman asal dari Malaysia, dan penanaman sentang adalah sesuai dengan suasana atau iklim di Malaysia. Kayu sentang merupakan kayu keras sederhana atau ringan yang banyak juga ditanam di Thailand, Malaysia, dan Indonesia. Spesies ini boleh digunakan untuk pembinaan ringan. |  |
| 5. | Khaya spp. (Khaya ivorensis/Khaya senegalensis) | Pokok Khaya adalah kayu keras dan cepat tumbuh. Spesies ini boleh mencapai ketinggian 35m. Kayu pokok Khaya ini boleh digunakan untuk pertukangan kayu, tanggam,pembuatan perabot, kerja kabinet, pembinaan kapal dan dalam pengeluaran venier hiasan. |  |
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| 6. | Neolamarckia cadamba (Kelempayan/ Laran) | Kelempayan ini merupakan spesies cepat tumbuh dan sesuai ditanam untuk penanaman semula hutan. Ia dijumpai di kawasan tanah pamah 1000m dari aras laut. Spesies ini adalah kayu ringan dan boleh digunakan untuk pulpa dan pembinaan ringan. |  |
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| 7. | Paraserianthes falcataria (Batai) | Spesies ini berasal dari Maluku, Irian Jaya dan Papua-New Guinea. Pokok ini merupakan spesies cepat tumbuh dan boleh mencapai ketinggian sehingga 45m. Spesies ini boleh digunakan untuk papan lapis, batang mancis, papan, membuat ukiran, pulpa dan kertas. |  |
| 8. | Octomeles sumatrana (Binuang) | Spesies ini boleh dijumpai di keseluruhan kawasan Indonesia sehingga ke Malaysia (Sabah dan Sarawak). Ia tumbuh di kawasan tanah pamah sehingga1000 m dan sesuai ditanam di kawasan yang bertanah aluvium, tanah liat atau tanah lempung berpasir. Ia boleh digunakan untuk pembinaan ringan dan pulpa memandangkan spesies ini adalah spesies kayu ringan. |  |
Rattan and Bamboo
Introduction
National Forest Policy 1987 (Revised 1992) has underlined the need for non-timber forest resources sustainable management to be implement in order to ensure the interests of resource-based industries. Bamboo cultivation project is an effort by the Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia (FDPM) in introducing the results of non-timber resources with potential for commercialization.
Permanent Reserved Forests were managed according to the concept of sustainable forest management since the beginning of the 20th century. At present, with a shift in demand and requirements of the public for a variety of forest products and services, the concept of sustainable forest management has been expanded to cover other areas such as forest protection functions and non-wood production.
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Bamboo belongs to the group of family Gramineae grasses. It grows in temperate regions in semi-tropical area which has the open and well drained environment. Bamboo can be classified into two types of growth which are monopodial growth (single stem), and sympodial (clump). Bamboos in Malaysia belong to sympodial growth.
Differences between Monopodial and Sympodial Bamboo
Monopodial Simpodial The growth in single The growth in clump Grow in a temperate climate Grow in a tropical climate It is estimated there are 59 bamboo species in Peninsular Malaysia which are from seven genera of Bambusa, Dendrocalamus, Dinochloa, Racemobamboos, Schizostachyum, Thyrsostachys and Gigantochloa.
The amount and percentage of bamboo clumps in Peninsular Malaysia
(based on the National Forest Inventory-5)
Many products can be produced from bamboo such as chopsticks, furniture, musical instruments, toothpicks, picture frames, handicrafts, and ornamental. In spite that, Bamboo also being use for landscaping gardens for public recreation and private area.
Species Bamboo And Commercial Use In Peninsular Malaysia
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Species: Bambusa blumeana
Local Name: Buluh duri
Use: Chopsticks, furniture, musical instruments, toothpicks.
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Species: Bambusa heterostachya
Local Name: Buluh galah/ tilan/ paring/ pengat
Use: Pole, picture frame, toothpicks, satay skewers.
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Species: Bambusa vulgaris
Local Name: Buluh minyak/ aao/ aro/pan/gading
Use: Ornamental, toothpicks, satay skewers, chopstick.
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Species: Gigantochloa levis
Local Name: Buluh beting/pering
Use: Bamboo sprout
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Species: Dendrocalamus asper
Local Name: Buluh betong/bisa
Use: Bamboo sprout
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Species: Gigantochloa ligulata
Local Name: Buluh Tumpat Tikus/belalai
Use: Picture frame, bamboo sprout.
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Species: Gigantochloa scortechinii
Local Name: Buluh semantan/rayah/ gala/paao
Use: Handicrafts.
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Species: Gigantochloa wrayi
Local Name: Buluh beti/raga
Use: Handicrafts, satay skewers, toothpicks.
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Species: Schizostachyum brachycladum
Local Name: Buluh lemang/nipis/ padi/pelang/urat/rusa
Use: Handicrafts, ornamental, toothpicks.
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Species: Shizostachyum zollingeri
Local Name: Buluh dinding/ nipis/ kasap/telor
Use: Handicrafts, satay skewers, toothpicks.
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Species: Bambusa vulgaris var.striata
Local Name: Buluh gading
Use: Ornamental.
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Species: Schizostachyum grande
Local Name: Buluh semeliang/Semenyeh
Use: Picture frames, handicrafts.
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Rattan belongs to the family of Palmae and classified in the largest group of the subfamily Calamoideae. There are 13 genera of rattan in the world. They are Calamus, Calospatha, Ceratolobus, Daemonorops, Eremospatha, Korthalsia, Laccosperma, Myrialepis, Oncocalamus, Plectocomia, Plectocomiopsis, Pogonotium and Retispatha.
In Peninsular Malaysia, there are about 107 species of rattan comprising 8 genera where are only 20 species being identified to have market value. Among them are Calamus Manan, C. ornatus, C. turnidus, C. scipionium, and C. Caesius.
Generally, rattan grows in moist areas and will be decreased in number when an area is always experiencing change in humidity. In Peninsular Malaysia, rattan can be found from the coast to the mountains. However, the most suitable habitat for rattans is in dipterocarp forest.
Based on the National Forest Inventory 5 (NFI-5), there were 268,644,319.85 clumps /rattan cane which have been surveyed and the result showed that Calamus manan has the highest percentage compared to the other types of rattans. The fraction is as table 1.
Table 1: Fraction of clump / rattan cane by type
The most economic contribution from rattans is through processing furniture and handicrafts. Among the furniture are chairs, tables, beds, and utensils. The most important species in rattan-based industries in Peninsular Malaysia are Calamus manan and Calamus caesius.
Species Local name Use Calamus manau Rotan manau Furniture Calamus scipionum Rotan semambu Furniture Calamus tumidus Rotan manau tikus Furniture Calamus ornatus Rotan dok Furniture Calamus caesius Rotan sega Furniture Calamus javensis Rotan lilin Bonding materials Calamus laevigatus Rotan tunggal Furniture and handicrafts Calamus axillaries Rotan sega air Furniture and handicrafts Calamus speciosissimus Rotan sega badak Furniture and handicrafts -
Calamus manan at Compartment 7/15, Bukit Kesing Forest Reserve, Terengganu
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Calamus manan at Compartment 7/15, Bukit Kesing Forest Reserve, Terengganu
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Pictures shows the seeds of Calamus manan in compartment 26, Behrang Forest Reserve, Perak
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Pictures shows the seeds of Calamus manan in compartment 26, Behrang Forest Reserve, Perak
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Katalog Glosari Perhutanan
| Kata | Takrifan |
|---|---|
| dataran persisiran | Kawasan lapang yang luas dan rata yang terdapat di sepanjang pantai |
| setinggan hutan | Kawasan penempatan sementara pekerja hutan seperti kerja pembalakan dan sebagainya |
| agradasi | Pembentukan permukaan bumi terutamanya dasar sungai disebabkan oleh longokan kelodak atau bahan organik yang telah reput. |
| agregat | Bahan mineral yang boleh dijadikan partikel untuk membuat simen. |
| air dalam tanah | Zon air yang terdapat di bawah tanah yang mengalir dari permukaan bumi dan di bawah pengaruh graviti. |
| batang | Bahagian batang pokok dari banir hingga ke dahan utama. |
| batang bersih | Tinggi batang sehingga dahan hidup yang pertama |
| bangka | Pokok yang melampaui tahap matang |
| akta hutan | Akta untuk mengadakan peruntukan bagi pentadbiran, pengurusan dan pemuliharaan hutan dan pembangunan perhutanan dalam negeri di Malaysia bagi maksud tertentu |
|
aktiviti |
Aktiviti hiburan yang dilakukan di kawasan semuala jadi untuk menikmati keindahan alam sekitar |
| alat penanda | Pistol penyembur cat tanda pada pokok |
| alat penepis api | Alat pemadam api yang diperbuat daripada kain dan pemegangnya daripada kayu. Alat ini digunakan sebagai pemukul api bagi memadamkan kebakaran kecil seperti rumput dan sampah sarap |
| alat penyalaan | Perkakas yang digunakan untuk menyalakan api atau bahan bakar bagi tujuan pembakaran |
| alur | Hakisan gaung |
|
anak benih |
Anak benih yang digunakan untuk memulihkan sesuatu kawasan hutan |
| anak liar | Anak benih pokok di lantai hutan yang diambil daripada anak pokok liar untuk penanaman semula |
| api apitan/api sisi | Kebakaran yang berlaku secara selari dengan menghadap arah haluan angin akan membakar sesuatu kawann dengan lebih cepat dengan intensiti pembakaran yang tinggi |
| arah rebah | Hala tuju penumbangan pokok yang ditentukan mengikut ciri pokok dan keadaan persekitaran seperti kepadatan/saiz silara, kecondongan dan kedudukan pokok |
| aras | Aras tempat penyukatan dibuat. Ketinggian pengukuran |
| aras dada | Ketinggian piawai untuk mengukur lilit, diameter dan luas pangkal pokok hidup. Ketinggian yang digunakan ialah 1.30 m atau 4 ka 3 in, tetapi di sesetengah negara seperti Amerika Syarikat, ketinggian yang digunakan ialah 1.37 m atau 4 ka 6 in dari aras tanah |
| aras kerosakan ekonomi` | Tahap kerosakan pada dirian atau pokok yang masih dapat diterima dari segi ekonomi |
| arboretum | Kawasan yang ditanam dengan spesies pokok tertentu bagi tujuan pemuliharaan sumber genetik, pendidikan dan penyelidikan |
| asing | Eksotik |
| asli | Berkenaan tumbuhan asal dari sesebuah negara |
| bahan bakar ringan | Bahan mudah terbakar seperti daun, ranting dan damar kering |
| bakaran bebas | Pembakaran secara terbuka dan tidak terkawal |
| bakaran ringan | Pembakaran berkala untuk mengelakkan timbunan bahan api yang banyak yang sukar dikawal jika terbakar |
| balak | Bahagian batang pokok kayu yang biasanya mempunyai panjang yang sesuai untuk diproses menjedi hasil kayu, seperti papan gergaji atau papan lapis |
| balak pengikat | Balak yang disusu pada posisi tertentu bersama dalam longgokan untuk memantapkan longgok tersebut |
| balak terapung | Balak ringan yang lazimnya telah dikeringkan dan diapungkan di permukaan air sebelum dihantar ke kilang |
| banci | Pengiraan popilasi sepenuhnya |
| bancian | Aktiviti mendapatkan maklumat bilangan sepesies dan saiz pokok dalam sesuatu kawasan hutan |
| bancian hutan | Mendapatkan maklumat mengenai kualiti dan kuantiti sumber hutan serta cirinya yang pelbagai seperti spesies, saiz dan bilangan pokok serta bentuk topografi kawasan hutan tersebut. Proses ini bertujuan mengusahakan hasil dan mengurus kawasan hutan.inventori hutan |
| dipterocarpaceae | Famili tumbuhan yang menghasilkan kayu balak yang paling penting dan dominan di Malaysia dan Asia Tenggara. Tumbuhan dalam famili ini menghasilkan isipadu kayu yang paling banyak dan mempunyai nilai dagangan yang paling tinggi di Malaysia, dan hampir kesemua spesies dalam famili ini boleh didagangkan. Kayu ini boleh digolongkan dalam tiga kumpulan, berdasarkan ketumpatan dan ketahanan, iaitu kumpulan kayu keras ringan, kayu keras sederhana dan kayu keras berat. Contoh kayu keras ringan ialah alan, gerutu, melantai, meranti bakau, meranti merah muda, meranti merah tua, merawan, dan mersawa contoh kayu keras sederhana ialah alan batu, kapur dan keruing dan contoh kayu keras berat ialah balau, balau merah, cengal, resak, resak,giam dan penyau. |
| banir | Akar pokok yang tumbuh dan kelaur di atas paras tanah pada pangkal pokok-pokok besar seperti beringin, merbau atau pauh kijang |
| banjaran persisiran | Kawasan bukit yang terdapat di persisiran pantai |
| banteras (kebakaran) | Langkah awal untuk mengelakkan kebakaran dengan cara membuang atau memindahkan bahan mudah terbakar dari kawasan tersebut |
| bantuan perhutanan | Sebarang bantuan dan pertolongan yang diberikan oleh pihak-pihak tertentu dalam bidang perhutanan sama ada dari segi perkhidmatan, tunjuk ajar, nasihat atau kewangan |
| basmian hutan | Proses penghapusan tumbuhan hutan atau penukaran kegunaan tanah hutan |
| batang boleh niaga | Panjang batang pokok dari pangkal ke hujung paling kecil yang boleh diusaha hasil dan diniagakan |
| batas semaian | Jalur tanah yang disediakan untuk menyemai anak benih |
| batu lumpur | Batu lembut yang terbentuk daripada pengerasan lumpur |
| bayaran ragutan | Perbezaan antara jumlah kos ragutan di atas tanah awam (terbuka) dan jumlah kos ragutan di atas tanah persendirian |
| bebanan keselamatan | Bebanan yang dikenakan terhadap kayu atau struktur binaan lain dengan mengambil kira kerosakan pada struktur tersebut. faktor keselamatan |
| belukar | Kawasan yang dipenuhi pokok-pokok liar, semak |
| benalu | Dedalu |
| bentang balak | Alas kayu yang digunakan untuk menggolekkan atau mengheret balak dari tapak tebangan ke matau atau tempat longgokan balak. kuda-kuda, bor balak |
| bentuk silara | Pelbagai bentuk rimbunan daun yang menutupi bahagian atas pokok pain |
| berkelok-kelok | Berlengkok-lengkok |
| berlengkok-lengkok | Selekoh pada sungai disebabkan aliran air apabila sungai melalui kawasan yang agak rata seperti aliran yang menghampiri muara. berkelok-kelok |
| betau | Kawasan yang dijadikan tempat pengumpulan sementara balak terlatak di dalam atau di pingiran hutan |
| betau balak | Kolam yang biasanya berhampiran dengan kilang pemprosesan yang digunakan untuk menyimpan kayu balak dengan selamat untuk jangka masa melebihi 3 bulan. Kaedah ini banyak diamalkan di negeri Sarawak dan Sabah dan biasanya diamalkan oleh syarikat pembalakan yang besar |
| betung alur keluar | Titik tempat air mengalir keluar daripada pembentungan atau parit |
| blok | Bungkah kayu atau logam yang digunakan untuk menyendal balak daripada bergolek dari atas lori semasa proses mengangkut, takal |
| bot balak | Bentang balak |
| bongkah | Jirim utama yang membentuk gunung |
| buruh hutan | Pekerja atau individu yang menyumbangkan tenaga dan perkhidmatan untuk melakukan kerja-kerja di dalam hutan |
| cacat bentuk | Sebarang keadaan luar biasa atau tidak sempurna pada batang pokok yang mengurangkan isi padu, kekuatan atau nilai penggunaannyan |
| cacat sihat | Sebarang ketidaksempurnaan balak yang tidak mengurangkan isi padu, nilai atau penggunaannya di pasaran |
| cantum | Mengambil mata tunas sesuatu pokok pada pokok lain daripada spesies yang sama untuk mendapatkan pokok yang lebih baik |
| cap balak | Tanda hak milik pada balak |
| catuan luas pangkal | Sistem kawalan penjarangan pokok dalam satu dirian yang berasaskan anggaran luas pangkal pokok sebelum dan selepas penjarangan |
| celah | Oportunis ruang |
| ceruk ekologi | Unit terkecil dalam habitat yang didiami oleh organisma, bagi mengkaji hubungan di antara organisma tersebut dan persekitarannya |
| ciri bahan api | Sifat yang terdapat pada sesuatu bahan yang menyebabkannya mudah terbakar seperti kering dan mudah marak |
| daerah ragutan | Kawasan yang telah ditentukan sebagai kawasan ragut haiwan ternakan |
| dasar hutan | Prinsip dan garis panduan yang digunakan dalam mengambil sesuatu tindakan berdasarkan objektif tertentu yang mempunyai hubung kait dengan kawasan hutan |
| dedalu | Tumbuhan parasit daripada famili, benalu |
| dendrologi | Bidang ilmu atau kajian mengenai pokok, contohnya mengenai ciri fizikal atau fisiologi bagi spesies pokok |
| dendrometer | Alat untuk mengukur dimensi pokok khususnya diameter yang melebihi ketinggian paras dada |
| depot hutan | Kawasan sementara atau kekal di dalam hutan yang disediakan untuk mengumpul dan menyimpan keyu dan hasil hutan lain sebelum dibawa keluar |
| desa hutan | Perkampungan hutan |
| diameter aras dada | Ukuran diameter pokok yang diukur pada ketinggian aras dada |
| diameter atas bengkak | Pengukuran biasanya dilakukan di luar kulit kayu. Nilai diameter ini digunalan dalam pengurusan hutan untuk menentukan isi padu dirian dan had tebangan . garisan pusat aras dada |
| diameter atas bengkak | Garisan pusat atas bengkak |
| diameter atas kulit | Ukuran diameter batang pokok, dan termasuk kulitnya |
| diameter min | Garis pusat min |
| diameter normal | Garis pusat normal |
| diameter tengah | Diameter pada titik tengah ketinggian pokok |
| diameter usaha hasil | Ukuran diameter tertentu yang menunjukkan kematangan sesuatu pokok atau dirian hutan yang sesuai untuk dituai", |
| dirian biji benih elit | Dirian yang terdapat pokok pilihan terbaik khusus untuk penghasilan biji benih |
| dirian biji benih normal | Dirian yang dipilih untuk menghasilkan benih yang mempunyai pertumbuhan dan ciri-ciri yang sama dirian provenannya |
| dirian elit | Sejumlah pokok yang terbaik dan terpilih serta telah dibuktikan kualitinya melalui kajian |
| dirian kurang baik | Dirian yang terdiri daripada tumbuhan berkualiti rendah |
| dirian normal | Dirian yang diisi sepenuhnya dengan pokok pelbagai peringkat umur mengikut giliran hasil |
| derian sebaya | Dirian yang mempunyai pokok-pokok daripada kelas umur yang sama |
| dirian sebaya | Dirian yang mempunyai pokok-pokok daripada kelas umur yang sama. Kelas umur dianggap sama sekiranya perbezaan umur antara pokok tertua dangan termuda tidak melebihi 20% jangka masa giliran tebangan |
| dirian utama | Dirian yang terpenting di dalam sesuatu kawasan hutan |
| dusun | Kebun buah-buahan |
| ekopelancongan | Industri pelancongan yang berasaskan alam semula jadi seperti tumbuhan, haiwan dan bentuk muka bumi yang mempuyai daya tarikan tersendiri serta menarik minat pelawat |
| ekonomi hutan | Bidang ekonomi yang seluruhnya atau sebahagian besarnya berkaitan dengan pengeluaran hutan |
| ekor musang | Pucuk utama pokok pain yang tumbuh memanjang tanpa dahan sisi selama beberapa tahun |
| ekosistem | Komuniti organisma yang saling memerlukan dengan persekitaran yang didiami |
| ekospesies | Haiwan dan tumbuhan yang boleh melaksanakan rekombinasi genetik dengan spesies yang sama dari kawasan lain |
| ekotip | Sekumpulan kecil tumbuhan dan haiwan yang sesuai hidup pada satu habitat |
| ekoton | Zon antara dua komuniti tumbuhan yang berbeza yang mengandungi spesies daripada kedua-dua komuniti tersebut, seperti pinggir hutan |
| eksotik | Berkenaan tumbuhan atau haiwan yang diperkenalkan dan dibawa masuk dari negara luar. asing, luar |
| ekstrak | Proses memindahkan balak dari tapak tabangan ke tempat melonggok tanpa melelui jalan hutan. pengekstrakan |
| ektoparasit | Parasit yang hidup pada luar badan perumah, seperti kutu dan tungau |
| elit | Pokok pilihan yang terbaik untuk tujuan pengeluaran biji benih. pokok elit |
| endosperma | Tisu simpanan dalam buji benih yang mengandungi nutrien daripada minyak, lemak, kanji dan protein pada kebanyakan biji benih engiosperma. Nutrien ini penting untuk perkembangan embrio |
| epifit | Tumbuhan yang mendapat ruang dan cahaya matahari secara mengakar pada batang tumbuhan lain seperti dinding. Contohnya paku pakis |
| evapotranspirasi | Penyejatan air dari tanah ke atmosfera dan transpirasi air daripada tumbuhan |
| faedah tak langsung | Manfaat yang didapati secara sampingan bukan secara langsung |
| faktor agihan | Faktor taburan |
| faktor bentuk | 1. Nisbah isi pedau kayu yang diperolehi daripada hasil darab tinggi pokok dengan luas pangkal yang biasanya diukur pada ketinggian aras dada, iaitu 1.44 m. Faktor bentuk digunakan untuk menganggarkan isi padu kayu yang boleh dihasilkan daripada sesuatu dirian |
Forestry Glossary Catalogue
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Kata Takrifan A / R Afforestation and Reforestation AADCP ASEAN-Australia Development Cooperation Programme AAU Assigned Amount Unit ABS Access to genetic resources and benefit sharing, Acronym used in the context of biodiversity negotiations ACAP Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrel. One of the Agreements under the Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animal (CMS). Adopted in 2001, and entered into force in 2004 ACB ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity ACDM ASEAN Committee on Disaster Management ACECA ASEAN-Canada Economic Cooperation Management ACEDAC ASEAN Centre for Development of Agriculture Cooperatives ACFTA ASEAN-China Joint Cooperation Committee ACP ASEAN Cooperation Plan ACSSOC ASEAN-China Senior Official Consultation ACT ASEAN Consultation to Solve Trade and Investment Issues ACTC ASEAN Centre for Combating Transnational Crime ACTR ASEAN Common Technical Requirements AD Avoided Deforestation Adaptation 1- Actions taken to help communities and ecosystems cope with changing climate conditions (UNFCCC) 2- Genetically determined characteristic that enhances the ability of an organism to cope with its environment (CBD) ADB Asian Development Bank Additionality 1- Funding principal envisaged to ensure that the Global Environment Facility funds do not substitute for existing development finance but provide new and additional funding to produce agreed global environmental benefits. 2- Approval test for projects under the CDM of the Kyoto Protocol. CDM projects are considered additional if they would not have taken place in the absence of the CDM ADORC Acid Deposition and Oxidant Resource Centre (Japan) ADPC ASEAN Agricultural Development Planning Centre AEC ASEAN Economic Community AEG ASEAN Experts Group AEGDM ASEAN Expert Group Meeting in Disaster Management AEG-IFPP ASEAN Experts Working Group on International Forest Policy Process AEM ASEAN Economic Ministers Meeting AEMC ASEAN-European Community Management Centre AEMM ASEAN-EU Ministerial Meeting AEP ASEAN Environmental Partnership AF ASEAN Foundation AFCC ASEAN Multi-Sectoral Framework on Climate Change: Agriculture and Forestry Towards Food Security (AFCC) AFMM ASEAN Finance Ministers Meeting AFoCO Asian Forest Cooperation Organization AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use A forestation The direct human-induces conversion of land that has not been forested for a period of at least 50 years to forested land through planting, seeding and/or the human-induced promotion of natural seed sources (UNFCCC) Agenda 21 Programme of action on sustainable development adopted at the UN conference on Environment and Development in 1992, often referred to as the ?Blueprint for Sustainable Development?. Agenda 21 has 40 chapters dealing with all aspects of sustainable development, including social and economic dimension (combating poverty and promoting human health), conservation and resource management, major groups (e.g. women, indigenous people, business and unions), and means of implementation (e.g. financial resources, transfer of technology, public awareness and education) AFPIC ASEAN Forest Product Industry Club AFP Asia Forest Partnership AFTA ASEAN Free Trade Area AGB Above Ground Biomass AHEWS ASEAN Agricultural Hazards Early Warning System AHIA ASEAN Heads of Investment Agencies AHPISA Animal Health and Production Information System for ASEAN AHTEG Ad Hoc Technical Expert Group. Within the context of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), a group of expert?s convened one or serval times to provide expert advice to the Conference of the Parties on specific issues. Example: AHTEG on climate change and biodiversity AHTN ASEAN Harmonised Tariff Nomenclature AHTN RC ASEAN Harmonised Tariff Nomenclature Review Committee AIFM ASEAN Institute of Forest Management AIJSCC ASEAN-India Joint Sectoral Cooperation Committee AJCCEP ASEAN-Japan Committee on Comprehensive Economic Partnership AJCEP ASEAN-Japan Closer Economic Partnership AJCEPEG ASEAN-Japan Closer Economic Partnership Expert Group AJCGM ASEAN-Japan Consultative Group Meeting AJDF ASEAN Japan Development Fund AKECOP ASEAN-Korea Environmental Cooperation Project AKEG ASEAN-Korea Expert Group AKFTA ASEAN-Korea Free Trade Area AKTNG/TNC ASEAN-Korea Trade Negotiating Group/Trade Negotiating Committee AMAF ASEAN Ministers on Agriculture and Forestry AMBDC ASEAN Mekong Basin Development Cooperation AMS ASEAN Members States AMCAP ASEAN Minerals Cooperation Action Plan AMM ASEAN Ministerial Meeting AMME ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on the Environment AMMDM ASEAN Ministerial Meeting On Disaster Management AMMH ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Haze ANDIN ASEAN Natural Disasters Information Network Anthropogenic Emissions Greenhouse-gas emissions resulting from human activities, under the UNFCCC AOSIS Alliance of Small Island States. A negotiating group and an hoc coalition of 43 small island and low-lying coastal States in the UNFCCC ANZEC ASEAN-New Zealand Economic Cooperation Programme ANZJMC ASEAN-New Zealand Joint Management Committee APJSCC ASEAN-Pakistan Joint Sectoral cooperation Committee APAFRI ASEAN-Pacific Association of Forestry Research Institute APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation APFNet Asia-Pacific Network for Sustainable Forest Management and Rehabilitation APMI ASEAN Peatland Management Initiative APMS ASEAN Peatland Management Strategy APO Association Professional Officer / Asian Productivity Organization (Japan) ARC ASEAN Research Centre ARCBC ASEAN Regional Centre for Biodiversity Conservation ARD Agriculture, Reforestation, and Deforestation ARA Academic Research Agreement ARKN ASEAN Regional Knowledge Network ARPDM ASEAN Regional Programme on Disaster Management ASCC ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community ASEC ASEAN Secretariat ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations. A regional community of 10 States with the aim of accelerating economic growth and social progress, and promoting peace and security ASEAN-6 The six major Association of southeast Asian Nation (ASEAN) countries of Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand ASEAN-WEN ASEAN Wildlife Enforcement Network ASOEN ASEAN Senior Officials on Environment ASEP ASEAN Sub-Regional Environment Programme ASFCC ASEAN-Swiss Partnership on Social Forestry and Climate Change ASMC ASEAN Specialized Meteorological Centre ASNEM ASEAN Network for Environment Management ASOF ASEAN Senior Officials on Forestry ASPEN ASEAN Strategic Plan of Action on the Environment ATF Automotive Authorised Treatment Facilities Framework ATTC ASEAN Timber Technology Centre AWGCC ASEAN Working Group on Climate Change AWG-CCF ASEAN Working Group on Climate Change and Forest AWGEE ASEAN Working Group on Environmental Economics AWGEM ASEAN Working Group on Environmental Management AWG-KP Ad-Hoc Working Group on Kyoto Protocol AWG-LCA Ad-Hoc Working Group on Long Term Cooperation Action AMS ASEAN Member States AWG-SF ASEAN Working Group on Social Forestry (previously known as ASFN) AWG-FM ASEAN Working Group on Forest Management AWGFPD ASEAN Working Group on Forest Products Development AWGMEA ASEAN Working Group on Multilateral Environmental Agreements AWGNC ASEAN Working Group on Nature Conservation AWGNCB ASEAN Working Group on Nature Conservation and Biodiversity AWGTP ASEAN Working Group on Transboundary Pollution AWMS Animal Waste Management System Basel Convention Shorthand for the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Waste and their Disposal. Adopted in 1989, entered into force in 1992 BAU Business as Usual, A BAU baseline represent a projection of what would happen without an intervention, and in this instances serves as a benchmark to measure the impact of REDD actions BAP Bali Action Plan BEI Building Energy Index Berlin Mandate A decision adopted at the first Conference of the parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and which led to the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol BCH Biosafety Clearing House (in context of the Biosafety Protocol) Binding Adjective which means that an instrument entails on obligation (usually for States) under international law. Biodiversity Shorthand for biological diversity. Variability among living organism from all sources including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems. Biomass Fuels Energy sources that are renewable as long as the vegetation producing is maintained or replanted, such as firewood, alcohol fermented from sugar, and combustible oils extracted from soy beans. Their use in place of fossil fuels cuts greenhouse gas emissions because the plants that are their sources recapture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere Bioprospecting Exploration of biodiversity for commercially, scientifically, or culturally valuable genetic and biochemical resources Biosafety Set of measures or action addressing the safety aspects related to the application of biotechnologies (see biotechnology) and to the release into the environment to transgenic plants and other organisms, particularly microorganisms, that could negatively affect plant genetic resources, plant, animal or human health, or at the environment Biosphere reserves Sites recognized under UNESCO?s man and Biosphere Programme with innovate and demonstrate approaches to conservation and sustainable development. They are of course under national sovereign and ideas nationally, regionally and internationally within the Words Network of Biosphere Reserves. There are 482 sites worldwide in 102 countries. BOF Blast Oxygen Furnace Bonn Guidelines Shorthand for Bonn Guideline on Access to Genetic Resources and Fair and Equitable Sharing of the Benefits Arising out of Other Utilization. Adopted by the Sixth Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), in 2002 Budgetary Cost Expected actual costs incurred by countries investing in capacity building policies and measures related to REDD. Calculated based on actual costs incurred historically for similar activities, adjusted where possible for country specific situations Brundtland Commission Short for the World Commission on Environment and Development. Named after its Chair, Gro Herlem Brundtland, Norwegian Prime Minister. The Commission produced a report in 1987, Our Common Future, which laid down the concept of sustainable development BUR Biennial Update Report BUR-ICA Biennial Update Report International Consultation and Analysis Bushmeat Meat for human consumption derived from wild animals CAT Cap and Trade. An emission trading system wherein an international or national regulator establishes an overall cap on emissions, issues emission units or rights, and allows the transfer and acquisition of such rights CAP Compliance Action Plan Capacity Building Process of developing the technical skills, institutional capability, and personnel Carbon Market A popular term for a trading system though which countries may buy or sell units of greenhouse-gas emission in effort to meet their national limits on emissions, either under the Kyoto protocol or under agreements, such as that among member states of the European Union Carbon sequestration The process of removing additional carbon from the atmosphere and depositing it in other ?reservoirs?, principally through changes in land use. In practical terms, the carbon sequestration occurs mostly through the expansion of Forest Carbon tax Tax by governments on the use of carbon-containing fuels Cartagena Protocol Shorthand for the Cartagena Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region. Adopted in 1983, entered into force 1986 Caucus A group of like-minded delegations, which meet both during and outside negotiations to develop common positions and negotiation strategies CBO Community Based Organization CBD Convention on Biological Diversity. Adopted in 1992. Entered into force in 1993. One of the Rio Conventions CBD COP Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity C & I Criteria and Indicator CCAP Centre for Clean Air Policy CCPMs Common and Coordinated Policies and Measure CCCCC Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre CCD Convention to Combat Desertification in Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification CDI Capacity Development Initiative (GEF) CDM Clean Development Mechanism. One of the three market-based mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), whereby developed countries may finance greenhouse gas emissions-avoiding projects in developing countries, and receive credits for doing so which they may apply towards meeting mandatory limits on their own emissions (UNFCCC) CEECs Central and Eastern European Countries CEPA Communication, educations and public awareness CERs Certified Emission Reductions. Unit equal to one metric ton of carbon dioxide equivalent, which may be used by countries listed in Annex I of the Kyoto Protocol towards meeting their binding emission reduction and limitation commitments. CETDEM Centre for Environment, Technology and Development Malaysia CFCs Chlorofluorocarbon. A category of chemical substances that contributes to the depletion of the ozone layer. Regulated under Montreal Protocol. CFS Central Forest Spine CfRN Coalition for Rainforest Nations CG 11 Central Group 11 CGRFA Commission on Genetic Resources for food and Agriculture. Permanent forum established in 1993 under the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), where governments discuss and negotiate matter relevant to genetic for food and agriculture CHM Clearing-house Mechanism CICERO Centre for International Climate and Environmental Research CIFOR Centre for International Forestry Research CISDL Centre for International Sustainable Development Law CITES Convention International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Adopted in 1973, entered into force in 1975. Climate Change Change of climate, which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods (UNFCCC) Climate Conventions The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol CLRTAP Convention on Long-range Trans-boundary Air Pollution CMS Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals. Also called the Bonn Convention. Adopted in 1979, and entered into force in 1983. Coalition A group of like-minded States or delegation that work together towards a common objective COFI Committee on Fisheries of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) COFO Committee on Forestry COGEPAF Participatory Forest Management Committee (Benin) (known by its French acronym) CO2E Carbon Dioxide Equivalent Community Forestry Forestry management that includes local people in planning and implementing forestry activities Complementarities Funding principle according to which funded activities must be coherent with national programmes and policies to maximize global environment benefits Compliance Fulfilment by a Party of its obligations under an international agreement Compliance-Grade MRV A monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) process that ensure reliable climate benefit, associated with real and measurable emission reductions and enhancement of removals (quantified in tonnes of CO@, equivalent) that are compliant with the standards required by the IPCC Conference of the Parties One of the designations for the main negotiating body under an international agreement. The COP is a policy-making body that meets periodically to take stock of implementation of the agreement and adopt decisions, resolutions, or recommendations for the future implementation of the agreement. consensus A made of adoption of decisions, resolutions, or recommendation without voting. A decision is adopted by consensus if there is no formal explicit, objection made. Whether there is consensus on an issues or not is determined by the presiding officer on the basic of the views expressed by delegates and his/her subjective assessment of the sense of the meeting. Contract Group A group formed during negotiations to reach consensus on an issue proving particularly contentious. May be established by the COP or a Committee of the Whole and is open to all Parties and sometimes to observers. Convention A binding agreement between States. Generally used for formal multilateral instruments with a broad number of parties COP Conference of the Parties COP/MOP Conference of the Parties to a Convention serving as Meeting of the Parties to a Protocol COW Committee of the whole. Subset of a Plenary, open to all Parties, to facilitate negotiations on specific issues. Often created by a COP to aid in negotiating text, it consists of the same membership as the COP. When the committee has finished its work, it turn the text over to the COP, which finalized and adopts the texts during a plenary session. CPA Component Project Activities CPF Collaborative Partnership on Forest. A partnership of 14 international organizations, the work of which has relevance to forest. CREHO Regional Ramsar Centre for Training and Research on Wetlands in the Western Hemisphere (known by its Spanish acronym) CRIC Committee for the Review of Implementations of the Convention. Within the context of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), the subsidiary body that reviews how Parties implement their commitments under the convention. CRP Conference Room Paper. Working documents during negotiations. The acronym is also used to reference these documents CSD (UN) Commission on Sustainable Development. Called for in Agenda 21 and established by ECOSOC as the highest level forum within the UN on sustainable development. Mandated to monitor the implementation of Agenda 21 CSER Corporate Social and Environmental Responsibility CV Curriculum Vitae Dbh Diameter at breast height DAF Development adjustment Factor DD Deforestation and Forest Degradation DEFRA Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (United Kingdom) DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources the Philippines DEPI Division of Environmental Policy Implementation of UNEP Decision Formal expression of the will of the governing body of an international organization or international agreement. Usually binding but may also correspond to soft law Declaration A formal statement of aspirations issued by a meeting. Usually issued by higher-level representatives. A declaration is not binding Deforestation The direct human-induce conversion of forested land to non-forested land (UNFCCC) Degradation Changes within the forest that negatively affect the structure or function of the forest and thereby lower its capacity to supply products and/or service. With respect to REDD, degradation refers specifically to a reduction in carbon density DGD Decision Guidance Document DGEFC Division of Global Environment Facility Cooperation of UNEP Delegate Representative of a State or Organization who has been authorized to act on its behalf and whose credentials are in order Desertification Degradation of land in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas, resulting from various factors, including climatic variations and human activities (UNCCD) Dispute Disagreement on a point of law (e.g., the interpretation of an international agreement) or fact (e.g., an action taken by a State) DNA Designated National Authority DSA Daily Subsistence Allowance. Allowance paid to UN staff or delegates to a UN meeting, which intended to account for lodging, meals, gratuities and other business-related expenses during the period of the meeting EANET Acid Monitoring Network in East Asia ETS Emissions Trading Scheme EC European Community ECCP European Climate Change Programme ECOSOC Economic and Social Council of the United Nations Ecosystem Dynamic complex of plant, animal, micro-organism communities and their non-living environment, interacting as a functional unit (CBD). Ecosystems are irrespective of political boundaries Ecosystem approach Strategy for the integrated management of land, water and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way (CBD, FAQ, and RAMSAR Convention) Ecosystem service Processes and functions provide by natural ecosystems that sustain life and are critical to of services to facilities such travel Eco-tourism Travel undertaken to witness site or regions of unique natural or ecological quality, or the provision of services to facilitate such travel EDN Earth Day Network EGTT Expert Group on Technology Transfer, a subsidiary body under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) EIA Environment Impact Assessment. Process by which the environmental consequences of a proposed project or programme are evaluated and alternatives are analysed. EIA is an integral part of the planning and decision-making processes EIG Environmental Integrity Group EIT Economies in Transition Emissions trading Mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol through which Parties with emissions commitments may trade units of their emission allowances with other parties (UNFCCC) EMS Environmental Management System Endemic Native and restricted to a specific geographic area, usually referring to plants or animals Enforcement Range of Procedures and actions taken by a State and its competent, authorities to ensure that persons or organizations falling to comply with laws or regulations are brought back into compliance or punished through appropriate action Entry into force Coming into effect of an international agreement, i.e. time which an international agreement becomes legally binding for the States that have ratified it or acceded to it or otherwise expressed their consent to be bound by the agreement ERT Expert Review Team ERU Emissions Reduction Unit ER Emissions Reduction ES Ecosystem Service ETP Economic Transformation Programme ETS Emission Trading System EU European Union, an Intergovernmental and supranational union of 27 democratic member states. The European Union was established under that name in 1992 by the treaty on European Union (the Maastricht Treaty). Member in its own right of several international organizations and a Party to various international agreement, sometimes alongside its Member States European Commission The executive body of the European Union. Alongside the European Parliament and the council of the European Union, it is one of the three main institutions governing the Unions. Its primary roles are to propose and implement legislation, and to act as ??guardian of the treaties?? which provides the legal basis for the EU. The Commission negotiates international trade agreements (in the World Trade Organization) and other international agreements on behalf of the EU in close cooperation with the Council of the European Union Ex-officio Latin phase meaning ??by virtue one?s position or function?? Ex-situ Latin phase meaning ??not the original or natural environment ?? Ex-COP/ex-COP Extraordinary Conference of the Parties, Conference of the Parties held outside the normal scheduled cycle of meetings of the Conference of the Parties Executive Director Title of the head of some international organization Executive Secretary Title of the head of some international organizations or Secretariats of MEAs (e.g., Executive Secretary of the Convention on Biological Diversity) Extraterritorial Set of measures or laws that apply beyond a State?s jurisdiction FAO (UN) Food and Agriculture Organization FAR Fourth Assessment Report of the IRC FCO Fire Control Officer FCPF Forest Carbon Partnership Facility. A world bank program created to assist development countries in their effort to reduced capacity building for REDD activities in developing countries and the testing of a program of performance-based incentive payments in some pilot countries FDRS ASEAN Fire Danger Rating System FFI Fauna and Flora International FMRS Forest Monitoring System using Remote Sensing Final clauses/provision Clauses / provision of an international agreement that set the rules of the functioning of the agreement Financial rules Rules governing the financial administration of an international organization, a Conference of the Parties, subsidiary bodies, and the Secretariat FoC Friends of the Chair. An informal group of a few prominent negotiators invited to assist the Chair of a meeting, working group, or contact group to develop a consensus proposal on a specific issue Focal point An official or agency designated by a government to serve as the focus or channel of communications for a particular issues or agreement FORIS Forestry Information System FLEG Forest Law Enforcement and Governance FLEGT Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade FMUs Forest Management Units FPIC Free, Prior and Informed Consent Framework convention Convention that provide a decision-making and organizational framework for the adoption of subsequent complementary agreements (e.g., Protocol). Usually contains substantial provisions of a general nature, the details of which can be provide in the subsequent agreements FRL Forest Reference Level FSC Forest Stewardship Council FTSE Financial Times Stock Exchange GMAC Genetic Modification Advisory Committee GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. The countries who signed the GATT occasionally negotiated new trade agreements. Each such set of agreements was called a ?round?. The Uruguay round in 1993 create the World Organization WTO to replace the GATT GBF Global Biodiversity Forum GBI Green Building Index GBO Global Biodiversity Outlook GC Governing Council GCOS Global Climate Observing System GDP Gross Domestic Products GEF Global Environmental Facility. Launched in 1991, Provides grant and concessional funds to developing countries for projects and programme targeting global environmental issues GEN Global Ecolabelling Network General Assembly Shorthand for the UN General Assembly. The main political body of the United Nations General Clauses/provision Clauses/provisions of an international agreement or decision that create the context, principal and directions helping the understanding and application of the rest of the agreement or decision GEO Global Environment Outlook GEZ Global Ecological Zone GGP Government Green Procurement CHGs Greenhouse Gases GIS Geographic Information System GISP Global Invasive Species Programme GITA Green Investment Tax Allowance GITE Green Income Tax Exemption GLBE Government Lead by Example GMEF Global Ministerial Environment Forum. Ministerial-level forums on environmental policy open to all states. Held periodically in conjunction with the sessions of the governing Council of UNEP GMO Genetically Modified Organism. Organism, plant or animal modified in its genetic characteristics by inserting a modified gene or a gene from another variety or species GNI Gross National Income GNP Gross National Product Governing Council The decision-making body of the UN Agencies, Programme and Funds; e.g.: Environment Programmes (UNEP) GOFC-GOLD Global Observation of Forest and Land Cover Dynamic GPPI Global Public Policy Institute GPG Good Practice Guide GRAs Genetic Resource Areas GRID Global Resource Information Database. The basis for UNEPs environmental assessment programme GRULAC Group of Latin American and Caribbean Countries. A regional negotiating group. GSPC Global Strategy for Plant Conservation. Outcome-oriented and target strategy adopted by the sixty Conference of the Parties to the Convention current and continuing rate of loss plant diversity GTZ German Agency for Technical Cooperation GTI Global Taxonomy Initiative GURTs Genetic Use Restriction Technologies GTFS Green Technology Financing Scheme GTP Government Transformation Programme GWP Global Warming Potential G77 Group of 77. Originally group of 77 developing countries established in 1964 at the first session of UNCTAD. Now gathering more than 160 developing states. The Group seeks to harmonize the positions of developing countries prior to and during negotiations. China sometimes also associates itself with the G77, in which case the group is refer G8 red to as G77/China or G77 plus China G8 Group of eight industrialized countries comprising Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the UK and the US HCVF High Conservation Value Forest Habitat Place or type of site where an organism or population naturally occurs (CBD) Hard law Term use to describe the legally binding nature of various agreements or provision, which leaves no or little room for discretion Haze Agreement Shorthand for the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution HCFCs Hydrochlorofluorocarbons. Regulated under the Montreal Protocol HFC Hydrochlorofluorocarbons. Regulated under the UN framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol as well as under the Montreal Protocol HFLD High Forest Low Deforestation HIGH FOREST LOW DEFORESTATION COUNTRIES High-level segment Segment of meeting composed of the highest-level representatives of State Parties attending the meeting Hotspot 1) Area particularly rich in total numbers of species 2) Area of especially high concentrations of pollutants HoB Heart of Borneo HoF Head Of Forestry (FAO) HWP Harvested Wood Products IAMF International Association for Mediterranean Forest IAPs Immediate Action Plans ICCP Intergovernmental Committee for the Cartagena Protocol ICDP Integrated Conservation and Development Project ICE International Combustion Engine ICLEI Local Government for Sustainability ICRAF World Agroforestry Centre (formerly International Centre for Research in Agroforestry) IDR In-depth review (within the context of the UNFCCC) IEC Information, Education and Communication (under the Montreal Protocol) IEI Indonesian Ecolabelling Institute IET International Emissions Trading IFF Intergovernmental Forum on Forest IFM Integrated Flood Management IIED International Institute for Environment and Development IIFB International Indigenous Forum on Biodiversity ILO International Labour Organization IMF International Monetary Fund IMO International Maritime Organization (United Nation) INBAR International Network for Bamboo and Rattan INC Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee. Forum established to negotiate an international agreement INECE International Network for Environmental Compliance and Enforcement INF Information document. Usually provided during meetings to provide background information to draft decisions, resolutions and recommendations. These documents are not subject to negotiation IN Situ Latin phrase meaning ?within the original place? Indigenous people/s No universal, standard definition. Usually considered to include cultural groups and their descendants who have a historical continuity or association with a given region, or parts of a region, and who currently inhabit or have formerly inhabited the region either before its subsequent colonization or annexation, or alongside other cultural groups during the formation of a nations-state or independently or largely isolated from the influence of the claimed governance by a nation-state, and who furthermore have maintained, at least in part, their distinct linguistic, cultural and social / organizational characteristics, and in doing so remain differentiated in some degree from the surrounding populations and dominant, culture of the nation-state. Also includes people who are self-identified as indigenous, and those recognized as such by other groups Informal consultations Exchange of views among delegations which take place outside the formal setting of negotiations. Usually undertaken with the aim of identifying a compromise position Inter alia ?Among other things?. Often used in legal documents to compress lists of Parties etc Intervention Synonym for ?statement? Invasive species A species that invades natural habitats IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Established jointly by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and UNEP in 1998 to assess the scientific, technical and socio-economic impacts of climate change IPES International Payments for Ecosystem Services IPPC (1) International Plant Protection Convention. Adopted in 1952. Revised in 1997 and entered into force in 2005 (2) Integrated Pollution and Control IPF Intergovernmental Panel on Forest IPGRI International Plant Genetic Resource Institute IPRs Intellectual Property Rights ISGAN International Smart Grid Action Network ISME International Society for Mangrove Ecosystem ISO International Organization for Standardization, Non-governmental organization, the members of which are national standards institute of 156 countries. Established in 1946 to facilitate the international coordination and unification of industrial standards ITPGRFA International Treaty of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Adopted in 2001, and entered into force in 2004 ITTA International Tropical Timber Agreement ITTC International Tropical Timber Council ITTO International Tropical Timber Organization IUCN International Union of Conservation Nature or World Conservation Union. A hybrid international organization the membership of which composed of governments and non-governmental organization IUFRO International Union of Forestry Research Organizations Jakarta Mandate Shorthand for Jakarta mandate on Marine and Coastal Biological Diversity JCP Joint Certification Programme JI Joint Implementation KALTROP Kalimantan Tropical Peat Swamp Forest Research KP Kyoto Protocol A Climate Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Land degradation Reduction or loss, in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid, of the biological or economic productivity and complexity of rain fed cropland, irrigated cropland, or range, pasture, forest and woodlands resulting from land use or from a process or combination processes arising from human activity and habitation patterns LCCF Low Carbon Cities Framework LCS Low-Carbon Society LDC Least Developed Countries. Countries at the lowest level of the scale of development. Status defined according to level of income, human resources, and economic vulnerability LEAD Low Emissions Asian Development LEAF Lowering Emissions in Asia?s Forest Leakage GHG emissions displacement that occurs when interventions to reduce emission in one geographical area (sub-national or national) cause an increase in emissions in another area through the relocation of activities LFCCs Low Forest Cover Countries LFG Landfill Gas Like-Minded Group of delegations that share common interests and positions on specific issues Like-Minded Megadiverse Countries A negotiating group of 17 megadiverse countries among those that collectively account for 70% of the world?s biodiversity. Mainly operates during negotiating on access to genetic resources and benefit sharing under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) LUCC Land-Use and Land-Cover Change LULUCF Land-Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry MAI Mean Annual Increment Management Authority Within the context of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), National body responsible for implementation of the Convention MAR Monitoring, Assessment and Reporting Marrakech Accords Series of decisions adopted at the seventh Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), related to the Kyoto Protocol MAT Mutually Agreed Terms, within the context of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) May As negotiating language, ?may? entails discretionary action and creates no obligation for the addressee. It is not binding MDG Millennium Development Goal. A set of eight goals and associated targets to achieve poverty alleviation by 2015, which found their origin in the Millennium Summit. MEA Multilateral Environmental Agreement. Shorthand for the Multilateral conventions protocols and other binding instrument, relate to the environment. Usually applied to instruments of a geographic scope wider than that of a bilateral Meeting Generic term used for conferences, summits, sessions, etc. Meeting of the Parties A body equivalent to the Conference of the Parties. Megadiverse Countries Countries which collectively account for 70% of the world?s biodiversity. These countries include Australia, Brazil, China, Colombia, Congo, Ecuador, India, Indonesia, Madagascar and Malaysia. Member State State which is a member of an international organization Memorandum of Understanding A simplified type of international instrument which can be concluded between states, between States and International organization or between international organizations MEPS Minimum Energy Performing Standards MFF Mangroves for the Future MRV Monitoring, Reporting and Verification MRSA Malaysian Remote Sensing Agency Micro-organism Group of microscopic, organism, some of which cannot be detected without the aid of a light or electron microscope, including viruses, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) and eukaryotic life forms, such as protozoa, filamentous fungi, yeasts and micro-algae Millennium Ecosystem Assessment A global assessment of the earth?s ecosystems supported by the UN secretary-General Mitigations In the context of the UN Framework Convention on Climate change (UNFCCC) and its Kyoto Protocol, actions to cut net emissions MOFCOM Ministry of Commerce of People's Republic of China Montreal Protocol Shorthand for the Montreal Protocol and Substances that Deplete the Ozone layer MOP Meeting of the Parties Motion Formal oral proposal on a matter of procedure MSPO Malaysian Sustainable Palm Oil MSW Municipal Solid Waste MTC Malaysian Timber Council MTCC Malaysian Timber Certification Council MTCS Malaysian Timber Certification Scheme Multilateral Fund Shorthand for the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol. Assists developing countries to implement the Montreal Protocol. Must As negotiating language ?must? creates an obligation to act for the addressee. It is binding Mutatis Mutandis Latin phrase meaning ?with such changes as are necessary on the points of detail? MyGAP Malaysian Good Agriculture Practises MYPOW Multi-Year Programme of Work NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action NAPA National Adaptation Programme Action NAP National Action Plan NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan NC National Communications. Under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) document by which a Party informs other Parties of activities undertaken to mitigate climate change NC2 Second National Communication NC3 Third National Communication NCBURNSC National Communication and Biennial Update Report National Steering Committee NBF National Biodiversity Framework NEB National Energy Balance NEM New Economic Model NFA National Forestry Act NFI National Forest Inventory NFP National Forestry Policy NFP National Focal Points NFP National Forest Programme NFPF National Forest Programme Facility NFPWGFPP National Focal Points Working Group for Forest Products Promotion NGO Non-governmental Organization Applied to community groups and not-for-profit organizations. In the UN system it also includes business associations NKEA National Key Economic Area NKRA National Key Results Area Non-paper Informal text aimed at facilitating negotiations. It is not a formal proposal Non-Party Refers to a state that has not ratified acceded, or otherwise become a party to an international agreement. As a Non-Party, a State may have limited rights to participate in negotiations or deliberations under the agreement, or to invoke provision of the agreement. Notification Formal communication that bears legal consequences NSC National Steering Committee NSCCC National Steering Committee on Climate Change NSCREDD National Steering Committee for REDD+ NSF National Science Foundations of the United States NTFPs non-timber forest products NWFP Non-Wood Forest Products ODA Official Development Assistance. Also known as ?foreign aid?. Consist of loans, grants, technical assistance and other forms of cooperation from developing countries Objection Oral or written statement by which a delegation informs a meeting that it objects to the adoption of a proposed decision, resolution, recommendation, or measure Observer Non-state or state actor invited to participate in a limited capacity in discussions during negotiations. Observers are not allowed to negotiate text and have no voting powers. In practice, some observer States do negotiate, although they do not participate in final decision making OECD The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. An organization of 30 advanced economies on North America, Europe and the Pacific region that share a commitment to democratic government and a market economy. Originated in 1948 as the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), to help administer the Marshall Plan for the re-construction of Europe after Worlds War II OPEC Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. Organization of eleven developing countries whose economies rely on oil export revenues Opportunity cost The cost incurred bt countries changing existing activities in order to reduced deforestation and incentivize the protection of standing forest (e.g., forgone profit from not issuing timber harvesting concessions). Used primarily to calculate costs of abatement beyond interim period Order Call to order. Direction by the presiding officer of a meeting that a delegate or group of delegates should be silent to allow the meeting?s proceedings to take place in an orderly manner PAC Project Appraisal Committee PA Protected Areas, Geographically defined area which is designated or regulated, and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives (CBD) PAMs Policies and Measures PNG Papua New Guinea Party Refers to State 9 or regional economic integration organization such as the European Union that has ratified, acceded to, or otherwise formally indicated its intent to be bound by an international agreement, and for which the agreement is in force. Also called ?Contracting Party? Patent Government grant to temporary monopoly rights on innovative processes or products PEFC Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification schemes. Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues Advisory body to the ECOSOC, established in 2000 to discuss indigenous issues related to economic and social development, culture, the environment, education, health and human rights Permanent Representative The head of a permanent mission PES Payments for Environmental Services Plenary The main meeting format of a Conference of the Parties or a Subsidiary Body Plenipotentiary Individual who carries or has been conferred the full powers to engage the State he or she represents PMU Project Management Unit POA Programme of Activity Point of order Formal question raised by a delegation as to whether the proceedings are in order or a particular action by a delegate or a presiding officer follows the rules of procedure Policies and Measures Steps taken or to be taken by countries to achieve greenhouse gas emissions targets under the Kyoto Protocol (UNFCCC) Preamble Set of opening statements called ?recitals?, of an international agreement, decision, resolution or recommendation that guides the interpretation of the document Precautionary approach/ principle Approach/principle according to which the absence of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing action where there is a risk of serious or irreversible harm to the environment or human health Primary forest Forest largely undisturbed by human activities PRFs Permanent Reserve Forests PROFOR Programme on Forest (World Bank) Protocol 1) International legal instrument appended or closely related to another agreement, which constitutes a separate and additional agreement and which must be signed and ratified by the parties to the convention concerned 2) Rules of diplomatic procedure, ceremony and etiquette 3) Department within a government or organization that deals with relations with other missions Provision agenda Draft agenda of a meeting that has yet to be adopted PCS Project Steering Committee QELROS Quantified Emissions Limitation or Reduction Commitments Quorum The minimum number of parties or members that must be present for a meeting to start or decisions to be made. The quorum is stated in rules of procedure, ant it may be expressed in absolute numbers or as a percentage of an overall number RAMSAR Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat RAFT Responsible Asia Forestry and Trade RE Renewable Energy REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation REDD-plus Reducing emission from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries; and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forest and enhancement of forest carbon stock in developing countries. RECOFTC the Regional Community Forestry Center for Asia and the Pacific ReFOP Regional Forest Programme Southeast Asia Rapporteur 1) Delegate elected/nominated to prepare or oversea the preparation of the report of a meeting 2) Person appointed by a body to investigate and issue or function and report back to that body Ratification Formal process by which a Head of State or appropriate governmental official or authority signs a document which signals the consent of the State to become a party to an international agreement once the agreement has entered into force and to be bound by its provisions Reference levels A reference level defines the level of deforestation or forest degradation that performance is measured against. Reference level can be based on historical or projected deforestation/forest degradation rates, both on the national and on global level RER Reference Emission Rate Recommendation Formal expression of an advisory nature of the will of the governing body an international organization or international agreement. It is not bidding Reforestation The direct human-induced conversion of non-forested land Reservation Unilateral statement made by a State upon signature, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession to an international legal instrument, indicating that it wishes to exclude or after the legal effect of certain provisions in their application to that State Resolution Formal expression of the opinion or will of the governing body of an international organization or international agreement. Usually non-binding RFC Regional Forestry Commission (FAO) Rio Conference Shorthand for the United Nationals Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992 Rio Declaration Shorthand for the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development adopted at the Rio Conference, the UN conference on Environment and development in 1992. Set of 27 principles on sustainable development RIL Reduced impact Logging RIS Ramsar (Convention) Information Sheet RS Remote Sensing RSPO Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil Rules of Procedure Set of rules adopted by a meeting to govern the work and decision making of its formal settings SAR Second Assessment Report (of IPCC) SBI Subsidiary Body Implementations-in the context of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) SBSTA Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice-In the context of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) SBSTTA Subsidiary Body for Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice-In the context of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) SDC Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SDG Sustainable Development Goal SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment Secretariat The body established under an international agreement to arrange and service meeting of the governing body of the agreement and assist Parties in coordinating implementation of the agreement Session Meeting or series of meetings of a particular body SFM Sustainable Forest Management. Concept according to which the full range of social, economic and environmental values inherent forests are managed and sustained As negotiating ?shall? creates an obligation for action for the addressee. It is binding Shall Should As negotiating language ?should? entails an advice not an obligation, to do something. However, while non-binding, it implies a stronger imperative than ?may? Show of hands Type of voting procedure by which delegations raise a hand or nameplate to signal ?yes?, ?no?, or ?abstain?. A vote by show of hands is an no-recorded vote SIA Sustainability Impact Assessment SIDS Small Island Developing States. Low-Lying coastal countries that share similar development challenges and concerns about the environment, especially their vulnerability to the adverse effects of global climate change Signatory A State that has negotiated and signed an international agreement Single negotiated text Draft text compiling all the delegations proposals into a coherent whole Sinks In the context of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol, any process, activity or mechanism which removes a greenhouse gas, an aerosol or a precursor of the greenhouse gas from atmosphere. The major sinks are forest and other vegetation which remove carbon dioxide through photosynthesis (UNFCCC) SLF State Land Forest SOM Senior Officials Meetings SOM-AMAF Senior Officials Meetings-ASEAN Ministers on Agriculture and Forestry A fund established under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to finance projects relating to adaptation; technology transfer and capacity building; energy, transport, industry, agriculture, forestry and waste management, and economic diversification Special Climate Change Fund Sponsor Delegation which proposes a decision, resolution, recommendation, or amendment for adoption by a meeting Square brackets Typographical symbols placed around text under negotiation to indicate that the language enclosed is being discussed but has not yet been agreed upon Stakeholder Individuals or institutions (public and private) interested and involved in a process or related activities Stalemate Points at which negotiations make no progress. Usually temporary situation Stalled Said of negotiations which are making no progress. Usually temporary situation Standard Nomenclature The scientific names adopted but the Conference of the parties to the Convention on International trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) for CITES-Listed species Standing Committee Committee established under various international agreements to perform certain function as agreed to by the Conference of the Parties Statement Oral or written expression of opinion Status quo Latin phrase meaning ?the current state of affairs? Steering Committee Restricted group of individuals planning the work of a major meeting. Deals exclusively with procedural matters Subsidiary body A body usually created by the governing body of an international agreement or international organizational, with a specific mandate Sustainable Development Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generational to meet their own needs Sustainable Use Use in a way and at rate that does not lead to the long-term degradation of the environment. Thereby maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of present and future generations Synergies Result of joint actives that go beyond the sum of individuals actives, making effort more effective and efficient SWDS Solid Waste Disposal Site SWG Sub-Working Group Taxonomy Naming and assignment of biological organism to taxa Technology Transfer Transmission of know-how, equipment and Products to governments, organizations or other stakeholders. Usually also implies adaptation for use in a specific cultural, social, economic and environmental context TDERM Tropical Deforestation Emission Reduction Mechanism TFRK Traditional Forest-Related Knowledge TK Traditional Knowledge TNA Technology Needs Assessments TNC The Nature Conservancy TNC Third National Communication To cast a vote To Vote To give the floor Permission granted by the presiding officer of a meeting to make a statement To seek the floor To ask permission to the presiding officer of a meeting to make a statement To table a proposal To present the text a proposal for consideration by other delegations To take the floor To make a statement during a meeting ToRS/TORS Terms of Reference. The mandate and scope for work of body or individual Traditional Knowledge The knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous people and local communities. Traditional knowledge is the object of various MEA provisions, including Article 8(j) of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Treaty International agreement concluded between states in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation [Vienna Convention on the law of Treaties] TPA / PA Totally Protected Areas TREES Trans-agency Resources for Environment and Economic Sustainability Type II Partnership A multi-stakeholder partnership involving, inter alia, government, non-governmental organizations, business, universities, and/or other institutions. Type of partnership launched at the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) to implement commitment embedded in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation TWG Technical Working Group Umbrella Group A negotiating group within the climate change negotiations. The loose coalition is usually made up of Australia, Canada, Iceland, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, the Russian Federation, Ukraine and the US UN United National Unanimity Type of decision making. A decision is adopted by unanimity when it has received the support of all delegations. Established by show of hand, voting or other means UNCCD United Nationals Conservation to Combat Desertification UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDG United Nations Development Group. A forum bringing together UN agencies working in development and the Millennium Development Goals UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNEP-WCMC UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre UNESCO United Nations Educations, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNGA Session of the UN General Assembly UNGAS Special Session of the UN General Assembly UNFCCC United Nations Framework Conservation on Climate Change UNFF United Nations Forum on Forest UNICEF United Nations Children?s Fund UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organisation USAID United States Agency for International Development USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency VCS Verified Carbon Standard VCU Verify Carbon Unit VER Verified Emission Reduction Verbatim Latin Phrase meaning ?world-for-word?, ?in full?. ?way of recording a meeting?s discussion? Verification Independent third-party assessment of actual emission reduction Voluntary commitments A draft article considered during the negotiation of the Kyoto Protocol that would have permitted developing countries to voluntarily adhere to legally binding emissions targets. The issue remains important for some negotiators but the proposed language was dropped in the final phase of the negotiations Voluntary Contributions A contributions of any kind that unlike Assessed Contribution, is not assessed under a binding international agreement, including the furnishing of fund for other financial support, services of any kind (including the use of experts or other personnel) or commodities, equipment, supplies, or other materials Vulnerability The degree to which a community, population species, ecosystems, region, agricultural system, or some other quantity is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, adverse effect of climate change -
NO KATA TAKRIFAN 1 Agen Kawalan Biologi Organisma hidup yang digunakan untuk memusnahkan atau mengawal populasi organisma hidup yang lain. 2 Balai Pemeriksaan Hutan Suatu tempat di mana semua hasil hutan dibawa untuk diukur, ditimbang atau dikira untuk ditaksir royalti, ses pembangunan hutan dan caj-caj hutan yang lain. 3 Borang Proforma Industri Berasas Kayu Borang rasmi yang digunakan untuk permohonan bagi pembinaan kilang baru dan permohonan bagi tambahan bangunan atau mesin kilang sedia ada. 4 Catuan Tebangan Tahunan (CTT) Suatu keluasan hutan pengeluaran dalam Hutan Simpanan Kekal yang ditentukan dan boleh diusahasilkan setiap tahun dalam sesuatu tempoh rancangan yang tertentu sejajar dengan konsep pengurusan secara berkekalan. 5 Daerah Hutan Suatu kawasan pentadbiran hutan ditadbir dan diuruskan oleh seorang Pegawai Hutan Daerah. Suatu kawasan hutan boleh bersamaan dengan suatu daerah sivil atau merangkumi beberapa daerah sivil. 6 Dirian Tinggal Pokok-pokok dan anak pokok yang masih terdapat di dalam Hutan Simpanan Kekal selepas pengusahasilan hutan dijalankan. 7 Ekosistem Suatu komuniti haiwan dan tumbuhan serta persekitarannya yang saling berinteraksi dan berfungsi sebagai satu unit bebas. 8 Folio Lejar Folio yang digunakan untuk merekod butir-butir bayaran deposit dan premium serta penyenggaraan akaun royalti dan ses pembangunan hutan bagi sesuatu lesen/permit. 9 Garis Inventori Garis di mana petak-petak inventori ditempatkan semasa kerja inventori hutan dijalankan. Garis-garis hendaklah lurus dan bersudut tepat dengan garis tapak. Garis inventori yang pertama adalah 50m dari permulaan garis tapak dan tiap-tiap 100m bagi garis-garis inventori yang berikutnya. Tiap-tiap 20m ditandakan dengan pancang semasa mengukur garis rintis untuk menunjukkan jaraknya. 10 Garis- P Cadangan kelarian jalan tuju bagi sesuatu kawasan pembalakan dalam Hutan Simpanan Kekal yang dikemukakan oleh bakal pemegang lesen untuk semakan Jurutera Hutan Negeri. 11 Garis- L Kelarian jalan tuju yang telah ditanda dan disahkan di lapangan. 12 Gergaji Gelong Gergaji yang digerakkan dengan takal yang mempunyai diameter tertentu. Gergaji ini digunakan untuk tujuan membelah kayu balak, meracik kayu balak yang telah dibelah atau meracik semula kayu sayong untuk meningkatkan perolehan. 13 Gergaji Pembelah Gergaji gelong yang digunakan untuk membelah kayu bulat. Gergaji ini dilengkapi dengan penghulur automatik atau separa automatik. 14 Gergaji Racik Gergaji gelong yang digunakan untuk meracik kayu bulat yang telah dibelah. 15 Gergaji Perolehan Gergaji gelong yang digunakan untuk meracik semula kayu sayong untuk meningkatkan perolehan. 16 Garis Tapak Suatu garis yang disediakan merintangi Kawasan Kerja untuk menetapkan kedudukan garis-garis inventori dan garis-garis kawalan bagi aktiviti pembangunan hutan. 17 Giliran Tebangan Jangka masa ketika sesuatu tanaman pokok atau pemulihan dibiarkan membesar sebelum diusahasilkan. 18 Had Batas Tebangan (HBT) Had ukuran diameter pokok yang minimum yang dibenarkan untuk pengusahasilan dalam Hutan Simpanan Kekal. 19 Hak Lalu Lintang Had kelebaran kawasan yang dibenarkan untuk pembinaan jalan. Kawasan ini termasuk kawasan permukaan jalan, parit, potongan cerun dan kawasan untuk pembukaan naungan. 20 Hasil Kecil Hutan Hasil hutan yang dinyatakan dalam Bahagian B Jadual Kedua Akta Perhutanan Negara 1984 iaitu hasil hutan kecil hendaklah terdiri daripada hasil hutan lain yang tidak termasuk sebagai hasil utama hutan. 21 Hasil Utama Hutan Hasil hutan yang dinyatakan dalam Bahagian A Jadual Kedua Akta Perhutanan Negara 1984 iaitu hasil hutan utama hendaklah terdiri daripada yang berikut: (a) Kayu bulat (b) Kayu jaras (c) Kayu api (d) Arang (e) Semua jenis rotan 22 Hutan Simpanan Kekal Kawasan tanah berhutan dan tidak berhutan yang diwartakan untuk tujuan perhutanan di bawah seksyen 7, Akta Perhutanan Negara 1984. Pada kebiasaannya, kawasan ini hanya disebut sebagai Hutan Simpan. 23 Hutan Terbuka Mana-mana hutan simpanan kekal atau sebahagian daripadanya yang diisytiharkan sebagai hutan terbuka di bawah seksyen 45 Akta Perhutanan Negara 1984. 24 Hutan Tertutup Mana-mana hutan simpanan kekal atau sebahagian daripadanya yang diisytiharkan atau disifatkan sebagai hutan tertutup di bawah seksyen 45 Akta Perhutanan Negara 1984. 25 Hutan Terkawal Kawasan hutan dari hutan pengeluaran di dalam Hutan Simpanan Kekal yang telah diusahasil dan mempunyai struktur hutan berdasarkan kepada inventori hutan untuk mengekalkan pengeluaran balak. 26 Hutan yang Mempunyai Nilai Pemeliharaan yang Tinggi (HCVFs) Hutan yang memiliki satu atau lebih ciri-ciri berikut: 1. kawasan hutan yang mengandungi penumpuan nilai-nilai kepelbagaian biologi yang tinggi (contoh: bersifat endemik, spesies terancam, spesies dilindungi) pada peringkat global, serantau atau nasional; dan/atau hutan-hutan pada peringkat landskap yang besar, di dalamnya mengandungi unit pengurusan, di mana kebanyakan atau semua populasi yang mampu hidup sendiri ditemui dalam bentuk semula jadi berdasarkan kepada penyebaran dan kuantitinya yang baik; 2. kawasan-kawasan hutan yang mempunyai ekosistem-ekosistem yang jarang ditemui, terancam atau berada dalam keadaan bahaya; 3. kawasan-kawasan hutan yang menyediakan kemudahan-kemudahan asas semula jadi dalam situasi-situasi kritikal (contoh: perlindungan kawasan tadahan air, kawalan hakisan); dan 4. kawasan-kawasan hutan yang membekalkan keperluan asas masyarakat-masyarakat tempatan (contoh: mata pencarian, kesihatan) dan/atau secara kritikal kepada identiti budaya masyarakat tempatan (kawasan-kawasan budaya, ekologi, mempunyai nilai ekonomi atau keagamaan yang dikenalpasti dengan bantuan masyarakat tempatan). 27 Industri Hiliran Industri yang memberi penumpuan kepada aktiviti pemprosesan kedua (secondary) dan ketiga (tertiary) untuk menghasilkan produk separa siap atau siap dan mempunyai nilai ditambah (value added) yang tinggi. 28 Inventori Hutan Sebelum Tebangan (Pre-F) Inventori yang dijalankan ke atas sesuatu kawasan Hutan Simpanan Kekal sebelum pengusahasilan untuk mengumpul maklumat yang tepat dan bererti mengenai kedudukan stok, isi kandungan, keadaan dan taburan semua pokok besar, kayu jaras, anak pokok dan anak benih supaya diketahui gambaran isi hutan yang sebenar serta dapat menentukan had batas tebangan yang optimum untuk menjamin pembangunan jangka panjang hutan tersebut. 29 Inventori Hutan Selepas Tebangan (Post-F) Inventori yang dijalankan ke atas sesuatu kawasan Hutan Simpanan Kekal selepas pengusahasilan untuk mengumpul maklumat yang tepat dan bererti mengenai kedudukan stok, isi kandungan, keadaan dan taburan semua pokok besar, kayu jaras, anak pokok dan anak benih supaya diketahui gambaran isi hutan yang sebenar serta dapat menentukan jenis rawatan silvikultur yang perlu dijalankan ke atas kawasan tertentu. 30 Jalan Sekunder Jalan kekal dua (2) atau satu (1) lorong menghubungkan kawasan pengusahasilan hutan dengan jalan utama. 31 Jalan Tuju Jalan kekal satu (1) lorong dalam kawasan pengusahasilan hutan yang menghubungkan kawasan matau sementara dengan jalan sekunder atau jalan utama dan digunakan terutamanya oleh lori berwin (San Tai Wong) 32 Jalan Utama Jalan kekal dua (2) lorong semua musim menghubungkan matau besar dengan jalan kampung atau rangkaian jalan awam berturap (jalan JKR) dan digunakan terutamanya oleh lori balak untuk mengangkut balak ke kilang-kilang memproses kayu. 33 Kadar Perolehan Peratusan bahan mentah yang menjadi produk setelah melalui proses pengilangan. 34 Kaedah-Kaedah Kaedah-kaedah yang dibuat di bawah Akta Perhutanan Negara 1984. 35 Kawasan Kerja Kawasan kompartmen atau subkompartmen dalam Hutan Simpanan Kekal di mana dijalankan kerja-kerja penandaan dan pengesahan sempadan untuk pelaksanaan aktiviti-aktiviti Inventori Hutan Sebelum Tebangan (Pre F), Penandaan Pokok, Pengusahasilan Hutan, Inventori Hutan Selepas Tebangan (Post-F) dan Rawatan Silvikultur. 36 Kad Inventori Kad yang digunakan untuk merekodkan maklumat mengenai jenis pokok dan kebesarannya, tumbuh-tunbuhan pepanjat dan pokok-pokok musuh, rupa bumi, jenis tanah, geologi dan maklumat lain muka bumi. Sebahagian besar maklumat ini direkodkan dalam bentuk kad. 37 Kad Kompas Kad yang digunakan untuk mencatatkan maklumat mengenai bearing, kecuraman, jarak di atas tanah dan keadaan muka bumi. Kad yang baru hendaklah digunakan bagi setiap garis inventori dibanci. 38 Kawasan Kerja Kawasan kompartmen atau subkompartmen dalam Hutan Simpanan Kekal di mana dijalankan kerja-kerja penandaan dan pengesahan sempadan untuk pelaksanaan aktiviti-aktiviti Inventori Hutan Sebelum Tebangan (Pre F), Penandaan Pokok, Pengusahasilan Hutan, Inventori Hutan Selepas Tebangan (Post-F) dan Rawatan Silvikultur. 39 Kawasan Lesen Suatu kawasan yang lesenkan untuk pengusahasilan hutan. 40 Kawasan Pengurusan Hutan Sesuatu kawasan tertentu yang diurus secara langsung oleh sesuatu syarikat yang bertanggungjawab untuk menjalankan penilaian pengurusan hutan untuk tujuan pensijilan. 41 Kayu Jaras Mana-mana bahagian yang dipotong daripada pokok dan mempunyai diameter kurang daripada 30cm pada sebelah hujungnya yang besar. 42 Kayu Keras Berat Kayu yang berat dan mempunyai ketumpatan melebihi 880kg/m3 43 Kayu Keras Sederhana Kayu yang sederhana berat ke berat dan mempunyai ketumpatan melebihi 720kg/m3 ke 880kg/m3. 44 Kayu Keras Ringan Kayu dalam kumpulan ini adalah lebih ringan dan termasuk kayu yang ketumpatan kurang daripada 720kg/m3. 45 Kesalahan Hutan Suatu kesalahan di bawah Akta Perhutanan Negara 1984. 46 Kepelbagaian Biologi Kepelbagaian di kalangan organisma hidup daripada semua sumber termasuk inter alia, darat, laut serta ekosistem akuatik yang lain dan kompleks-kompleks ekologi di mana ianya adalah sebahagiannya; ianya termasuk juga kepelbagaian di dalam spesies dan ekosistem. 47 Kitaran Semula Jadi Kitaran nutrien dan mineral adalah kesan tindak balas antara tanah, air, tumbuhan dan haiwan di persekitaran hutan di mana memberikan kesan kepada produktiviti ekologi di kawasan berkenaan. 48 Kup Tahunan Keluasan kawasan pengusahasilan yang dibenar buka setiap tahun dalam se suatu tempoh rancangan Malaysia yang ditetapkan oleh Majlis Perhutanan Negara. 49 Landskap Suatu bentuk geografi yang terbentuk daripada interaksi ekosistem-ekosistem melalui pengaruh interaksi geologi, topografi, tanah, iklim, biotik dan manusia di kawasan berkenaan. 50 Lesen Suatu lesen yang dikeluarkan di bawah Bab 2 Bahagian IV Akta Perhutanan Negara 1984. 51 Lesen Kecil Suatu lesen kecil yang dikeluarkan di bawah Bab 3 Bahagian IV Akta Perhutanan Negara 1984. 52 Lesen Pemindah Suatu lesen pemindah yang dikeluarkan di bawah Bab 5 Bahagian IV Akta Perhutanan Negara 1984. 53 Lorong Penarik Lorong sementara untuk laluan ke kawasan tebangan bagi menarik balak yang dibina dengan gangguan tanah yang minimum. 54 Memotong Akar/Pepanjat (CL) Suatu jenis rawatan silvikultur yang dilaksanakan ke atas kawasan-kawasan di dalam Hutan Simpanan Kekal yang telah diusahasilkan. Rawatan ini melibatkan aktiviti memotong akar/pepanjat bagi membebaskan dirian tinggal daripada gangguan untuk membolehkannya membesar dengan cepat. 55 Menggelang Pokok dan Memotong Akar Pepanjat (GCL) Suatu jenis rawatan silvikultur yang dilaksanakan ke atas kawasan-kawasan di dalam Hutan Simpanan Kekal yang telah diusahasilkan. Rawatan ini melibatkan aktiviti menggelang pokok dan memotong akar/pepanjat bagi membebaskan dirian tinggal daripada gangguan untuk membolehkannya membesar dengan cepat. 56 Mesin Bindu Mesin yang digunakan untuk mengupas kayu balak untuk dijadikan vernir. Mesin ini beroperasi secara putaran. 57 Nilai Isipadu Bersih yang Berpotensi (Potential Net Volume Available) Dikira secara mengurangkan anggaran isipadu kasar dengan mengambil kira faktur-faktur kecacatan, kerosakan akibat pembalakan, pembaziran pengusahasilan seperti tunggul dan tual-tual balak pendek yang ditinggalkan dalam hutan. 58 Notis Borang 2 Suatu notis yang dikeluarkan dibawah seksyen 25 Akta Perhutanan Negara 1984 bagi memerintahkan agar pemegang lesen, pekhidmat dan ejennya memberhentikan segala kerja dalam kawasan pemegang lesen itu atau mana-mana bahagiannya jika terdapat pelanggaran Akta atau lesen. 59 Organisma yang Diubah secara Genetik Organisma biologi yang telah dipengaruhi oleh keadaan tertentu yang membawa kepada perubahan struktur genetik. 60 Overburden Lapisan tanah yang dibuang semasa kerja-kerja pengkuarian dijalankan untuk tujuan pengambilan batu atau bahan-bahan galian lain. 61 Pas Pemindah Suatu pas bagi memindahkan hasil hutan yang dikeluarkan di bawah seksyen 70 Akta Perhutanan Negara 1984. 62 Pegawai Hutan Pegawai yang dilantik di bawah subseksyen 3(1) Akta Perhutanan Negara 1984. 63 Pegawai Polis Mana-mana anggota Polis Diraja Malaysia. 64 Pekhidmat Mana-mana orang sama ada dia seorang warganegara Malaysia atau bukan yang diambil bekerja bagi upah. 65 Pelan Kawasan Kerja Pelan yang mengandungi maklumat asas bagi melaksanakan kerja penandaan sempadan di lapangan. Maklumat mengenai bearing dan jarak dari stesen ke stesen yang dinyatakan di dalam pelan ini merupakan panduan untuk melaksanakan kerja penandaan sempadan di lapangan dan boleh berubah mengikut keadaan topografi di lapangan. 66 Pemangkasan Suatu jenis rawatan pokok yang melibatkan pembuangan dahan untuk membaiki kualiti pokok yang masih muda. 67 Pemilikan (dalam konteks MC&I) Persetujuan-persetujuan secara sosial yang dipegang oleh individu atau kumpulan, diiktiraf oleh perundangan yang sah atau amalan adat resam, berkaitan dengan pemilikan “kumpulan hak dan tanggungjawab”, pemilikan, pegangan, akses dan/atau penggunaan unit tanah tertentu atau suber-sumber yang terkandung di dalamnya (seperti pokok, spesies tumbuhan, air, mineral dan lain-lain) 68 Pemulihan Buatan (Artificial Regeneration) Memperbaharui dirian hutan dengan menanam anak-anak pokok secara langsung di mana kaedah ini bertentangan dengan proses semula jadi bagi menghasilkan dirian baru sesuatu kawasan hutan. Pemulihan buatan ini selalunya dijalankan dengan bantuan manusia untuk mempercepatkan proses membangunkan semula sesuatu kawasan hutan. 69 Penandaan Pokok Proses menanda Pokok Tebangan, Pokok Ibu, Pokok Perlindungan, Pokok Jalan, Pokok Matau dan Pokok Kongsi dengan menggunakan tag tanda pokok dan/atau cat bagi tujuan pengusahasilan dan pemeliharaan hutan. 70 Pengarah Pengarah Perhutanan Negeri yang dilantik di bawah subseksyen 3(1) Akta Perhutanan Negara 1984 dan termasuk Timbalan Pengarah Perhutanan Negeri, dan dalam seksyen 25, 26 dan 27 Akta Perhutanan Negara 1984 termasuk juga Pegawai Hutan Daerah. 71 Penjarangan Tebangan perantaraan yang khususnya bertujuan untuk mengawal pertumbuhan dirian dengan mengubahsuai kepadatannya. 72 Penyesaran Perubahan yang progresif dalam komposisi spesies dan struktur komuniti hutan yang progresif yang disebabkan oleh proses semula jadi. 73 Perangkap Kelodak (Silt Trap) Penghalang kelodak yang dibina mengandungi bahan-bahan penapis tertentu atau dari bahan semulajadi. Perangkap ini dibina di antara kawasan yang menghasilkan bahan kelodak dengan kawasan alur air untuk menghalang pengumpulan endapan di dalam alur air. Amalan ini digunakan untuk menghalang dan memerangkap kelodak-kelodak kecil yang dibawa oleh air dari kawasan yang diganggu atau yang terlibat dengan pembinaan. 74 Permit Jalan Suatu permit jalan yang dikeluarkan di bawah seksyen 50 Akta Perhutanan Negara 1984. 75 Permit Masuk Suatu permit untuk memasuki hutan simpanan kekal yang dikeluarkan di bawah perenggan 47(1)(c) Akta Perhutanan Negara 1984. 76 Permit Penggunaan Suatu permit penggunaan yang dikeluarkan di bawah Bab 4 Bahagian IV Akta Perhutanan Negara 1984. 77 Permulaan Garis Tapak Satu titik permulaan yang ditanda di atas tanah bagi menetapkan kedudukan garis tapak. 78 Petak Inventori petak yang ditempatkan di sepanjang Garis Inventori di mana pokok-pokok dan tumbuh-tumbuhan serta maklumat lain yang berkaitan dibanci. 79 Peta Stok Inventori Hutan Sebelum Tebangan Peta yang disediakan berdasarkan kepada Pelan Kawasan Kerja Pre-F dengan mewarnakan petak-petak inventori menggunakan kod-kod warna yang berasaskan kandungan kayu-kayan perdagangan dan/atau jenis-jenis pokok yang terdapat dalam Daftar Membanci Pemulihan. Di samping itu, kedapatan rotan, buluh, bertam, pepanjat, palma dan resam juga ditunjukkan dengan simbol huruf. 80 Peta Stok Inventori Hutan Selepas Tebangan Peta yang disediakan berdasarkan kepada Pelan Kawasan Kerja Post-F dengan mewarnakan petak-petak inventori menggunakan kod-kod warna yang berasaskan kandungan kayu-kayan perdagangan dan/atau jenis-jenis pokok yang terdapat dalam Daftar Membanci Pemulihan. Di samping itu, kedapatan rotan, buluh, bertam, pepanjat, palma, resam, halia dan pisang juga ditunjukkan dengan simbol huruf. 81 Pihak Berkepentingan (dalam konteks MC&I) Individu-individu atau organisasi-organisasi yang mempunyai kepentingan yang sah terhadap barangan dan perkhidmatan yang disediakan oleh FMU; dan mereka yang mempunyai kepentingan terhadap kesan alam sekitar dan sosial melalui aktiviti-aktiviti, produk-produk dan perkhidmatan FMU. Mereka termasuklah individu-individu dan organisasi yang melaksanakan kawalan alam sekitar seperti yang ditetapkan oleh undang-undang ke atas FMU; rakyat tempatan; pekerja; pelabur; dan penginsurans; pembeli dan pengguna; kumpulan pencinta alam sekitar dan kumpulan pengguna serta orang awam. 82 Pihak Berkuasa Kewangan Negeri Mempunyai makna yang sama seperti yang diberi kepadanya dalam Akta Tatacara Kewangan 1967 [Akta 61]. 83 Pokok Ibu Pokok yang dipilih daripada pokok-pokok matang yang mempunyai sifat-sifat fizikal yang baik dan ditanda untuk dikekalkan bagi tujuan pengeluaran biji benih. 84 Pokok Jalan/Pokok Matau/Pokok Kongsi Pokok yang berukuran diameter dari 30cm hingga ke diameter di bawah had batas tebangan di dalam kawasan hak lalu lintang Jalan Tuju/tapak matau utama/tapak kongsi dalam Kawasan Kerja dan ditanda dengan tag tanda pokok jalan/pokok matau/pokok kongsi untuk ditebang. 85 Pokok Perlindungan Pokok yang berukuran diameter yang sama atau melebihi had batas tebangan, yang ditanda untuk dikekalkan bagi tujuan perlindungan semasa kerja pengusahasilan untuk kepentingan silvilkultur, kepentingan hidupan liar, sumber pemakanan dan pemeliharaan spesies terancam. 86 Pokok Rujukan Pusat Ikatan Pokok berhampiran dengan PI yang dijadikan sebagai pokok rujukan dan ditandakan dengan dua (2) gelangan cat merah. Anak panah ke arah pancang PI dan huruf “PI” juga ditandakan. Tanda Jabatan dicap di bawah huruf PI. 87 Pokok Sempadan Pokok yang ditanda dengan gelangan cat merah disepanjang sempadan kawasan kerja atau kawasan lesen/permit bagi menandakan kelarian sempadan kawasan tersebut. 88 Pokok Rujukan Sempadan Pokok sempadan yang ditanda nombor siri dengan cat merah serta dicap dengan Tukul Tanda Jabatan. 89 Pokok Rujukan Stesen Pokok yang ditanda dengan gelangan cat merah, huruf stesen dan anak panah menunjukkan arah stesen sempadan serta dicap dengan Tukul Tanda Jabatan. 90 Pokok Tebangan Pokok yang berukuran diameter yang sama atau melebihi had batas tebangan yang ditetapkan dan ditanda dengan tag tanda pokok tebangan untuk ditebang. 91 Pokok Tebangan Akhir [Crop Tree (CT) Pokok Tebangan Akhir ialah pokok-pokok: (i) jenis RS [Regeneration Sampling (Bancian Pemulihan)] (ii) boleh menghasilkan satu keratan balak sepanjang 5m yang sekurang-kurangnya mempunyai kualiti 2. 92 Pokok Tebangan Akhir yang Berpotensi [Potential Crop Tree (PCT)] Pokok Tebangan Akhir yang Berpotensi ialah pokok-pokok: (i) bukan jenis RS [Regeneration Sampling (Bancian Pemulihan)]. (ii) boleh menghasilkan satu keratan balak sepanjang 5m yang sekurang-kurangnya mempunyai kualiti 2. 93 Bukan Pokok Tebangan Akhir [Non-Crop Tree (NCT)] Bukan Pokok Tebangan Akhir ialah pokok-pokok yang tidak boleh menghasilkan balak sepanjang 5m yang sekurang-kurangnya kualiti 2 atau termasuk dalam kualiti 3 kerana terdapatnya kecatatan fizikal yang dapat dilihat. 94 Posting Slip Slip yang digunakan untuk mencatatkan bayaran deposit, premium dan debit/kredit akaun royalti dan ses pembangunan hutan pada folio lejar lesen/permit. Catatan dibuat dengan menekapkan posting slip tersebut ke atas folio lejar yang berkaitan. 95 Prima Facie Prima Facie adalah di mana pendakwaaan telah mengemukakan keterangan yang boleh dipercayai (credible evidence) dalam membuktikan setiap elemen kesalahan yang mana jika tidak disangkal, akan menyebabkan sabitan kes. 96 Produk Hutan Bukan Kayu Semua produk hutan kecuali kayu-kayan, termasuk bahan-bahan lain yang diperolehi daripada pokok seperti resin dan daun serta produk-produk lain daripada tumbuhan dan haiwan. 97 Propagul Buah dihasilkan oleh pokok bakau yang boleh bercambah kepada anak benih. 98 Pribumi Keturunan asal penduduk yang mendominasi wilayah dalam sesebuah negara secara keseluruhan atau sebahagiannya sehingga seseorang individu daripada budaya atau etnik yang berbedza berhijrah ke wilayah tersebut dan mengatasi mereka melalui penaklukan, penempatan atau apa sahaja perbuatan yang menjadikan golongan asal ini tidak dominan atau dalam situasi dijajah; di mana mereka sekarang hidup mengikut sistem sosial, ekonomi, resam budaya dan tradisi tersendiri jika dibanding dengan institusi negara di mana mereka tinggal, yang mana struktur negeri telah menggabungkan ciri-ciri utama kebangsaan, sosial dan budaya populasi lain yang lebih dominan. 99 Pusat Ikatan (PI) Suatu titik rujukan di atas tanah yang digunakan sebagai punca untuk menentukan kedudukan stesen permulaan sempadan. Pusat Ikatan lazimnya dipilih dari ciri geografi yang kekal seperti cabang sungai, jambatan kekal, bench mark atau stesen trigonometri. Selain dari ciri geografi yang kekal, stesen permulaan sempadan atau stesen sempadan Kawasan Kerja/Kawasan Lesen bersebelahan juga boleh digunakan sebagai PI. 100 Rancangan Mengusaha Hasil Hutan Suatu rancangan kendalian yang menyatakan cara dan kaedah bagi menebang pokok dari suatu hutan simpanan kekal atau tanah Kerajaan tertentu, atau sebahagian daripadanya, untuk memastikan pengambilan pokok sedemikian secara teratur. 101 Rantaian Jagaan Saluran yang mana sesuatu produk itu diedarkan dari kawasan asalnya iaitu hutan sehingga ke kegunaan akhirnya. 102 Rawatan Silvikultur Rawatan yang dijalankan ke atas kawasan hutan dalam Hutan Simpanan Kekal yang telah diusahasilkan untuk membantu pemulihannya dan melibatkan salah satu atau lebih daripada jenis-jenis rawatan silvikultur berikut: (i) Menggelang Pokok dan Memotong Akar/Pepanjat (GCL); (ii) Memotong Akar/Pepanjat (CL); dan (iii) Tanaman Mengaya. 103 Rekod Ukuran Suatu rekod bagi ukuran hasil hutan yang dibuat oleh mana-mana pegawai hutan mengikut peruntukan Bab 3 Bahagian V Akta Perhutanan Negara 1984 dan mana-mana kaedah. 104 Renj Hutan Pecahan daripada satu daerah hutan dan diketuai oleh seorang Pegawai Renj Hutan 105 Royalti Sejumlah wang yang kena dibayar kepada Pihak Berkuasa Negeri ke atas hasil hutan yang diambil yang mana jumlahnya ditaksir berdasarkan kuantiti dan jenis hasil hutan mengikut kadar yang ditetapkan dalam Kaedah-Kaedah Hutan. 106 Ses Pembangunan Hutan Sejumlah wang yang kena dibayar kepada pihak Berkuasa Negeri ke atas hasil hutan utama yang diambil yang mana jumlahnya ditaksir berdasarkan kuantiti dan jenis hasil utama hutan mengikut kadar yang ditetapkan dalam Jadual Ketiga APN 1984 bagi membiayai aktiviti-aktiviti pengurusan, pembangunan dan pemeliharaan hutan. 107 Sijil Kelayakan Jentera Sijil yang dikeluarkan oleh Jabatan Kesihatan dan Keselamatan Pekerjaan yang mengesah dan memperakukan keselamatan penggunaan mesin-mesin yang dipasang. 108 Stesen Permulaan Sempadan Stesen pertama dalam kerja-kerja pengukuran dan penandaan sempadan Kawasan Kerja atau Kawasan Lesen/Permit. 109 Silvikultur Cara penghasilan dan penjagaan hutan melalui manipulasi penubuhan, komposisi dan pertumbuhan hutan untuk memenuhi objektif pemilik hutan tersebut. Ianya boleh merangkumi atau tidak merangkumi pengeluaran kayu-kayan. 110 Spesies Terancam Mana-mana spesies yang berkemungkinan dalam keadaan bahaya pada masa hadapan di semua atau sebahagian besar kawasan lingkungannya. 111 Stesen Permulaan Sempadan (SPS) Stesen pertama dalam kerja-kerja pengukuran dan penandaan sempadan Kawasan Kerja atau Kawasan Lesen/Permit. 112 Tanam Mengaya Suatu jenis rawatan silvikultur yang dilaksanakan ke atas kawasan-kawasan di dalam Hutan Simpanan Kekal yang telah diusahasilkan bagi membantu meningkatkan isi kandungan hutan tersebut supaya mencapai tahap yang dikehendaki terutamanya dari segi komposisi jenis-jenis pokok berpasaran dan bermutu. 113 Tag Tanda Pokok Tag plastik berwarna tertentu dan bernombor siri yang dilekatkan pada Pokok Tebangan, Pokok Ibu, Pokok Perlindungan, Pokok Jalan, Pokok Matau dan Pokok Kongsi. 114 Tag Tanda Pokok Ibu Tag plastik yang biasanya berukuran 3cm x 7cm dan berwarna biru (tulisan hitam) yang dilekatkan pada Pokok Ibu dan mempunyai nombor siri Pokok Ibu. 115 Tag Tanda Pokok Jalan/Pokok Matau/Pokok Kongsi Tag plastik yang biasanya berukuran 21cm x 7cm dan berwarna oren (tulisan hitam) yang dilekatkan pada pokok jalan, pokok matau dan pokok kongsi. Tag ini mengandungi tujuh (7) lipatan tag (setiap lipatan biasanya berukuran 3cm x 7cm) yang boleh diceraikan di mana dua (2) tag teratas mempunyai nombor siri pokok manakala lima (5) tag di bawah mempunyai nombor siri pokok dan nombor tual balak. 116 Tag Tanda Pokok Tebangan Tag plastik yang biasanya berukuran 21cm x 7cm dan berwarna putih (tulisan hitam) yang dilekatkan pada Pokok Tebangan. Tag ini mengandungi tujuh (7) lipatan tag (setiap lipatan biasanya berukuran 3cm x 7cm) yang boleh diceraikan di mana dua (2) tag teratas mempunyai nombor siri Pokok Tebangan manakala lima (5) tag di bawah mempunyai nombor siri pokok dan nombor tual balak. 117 Tag Tanda Pokok Perlindungan Tag plastik yang biasanya berukuran 3cm x 7cm dan berwarna kuning (tulisan hitam) yang dilekatkan pada Pokok Perlindungan dan mempunyai nombor siri Pokok Perlindungan. 118 Tanda Jabatan Tanda yang dicap pada pokok dengan menggunakan Tukul Tanda Jabatan yang ditetapkan sebagai pengesahan yang pokok berkenaan telah ditanda untuk sesuatu tujuan oleh seorang Pegawai Hutan. 119 Tanda Pengelasan Suatu tanda nombor lesen yang dicap pada permukaan kayu balak dengan menggunakan Tukul Tanda Pengelasan bagi menunjukkan asal kayu balak tersebut. 120 Tukul Tanda Pengelasan Tukul besi yang mempunyai tanda pengelasan yang didaftarkan di Jabatan Perhutanan Negeri oleh pemegang lesen. Tukul ini digunakan untuk mengecap tanda pengelasan pada permukaan kayu balak yang dikeluarkan dari kawasan lesen. 121 Tukul Tanda Jabatan Tukul besi yang digunakan untuk mengecap pada pangkal pokok bagi maksud-maksud tertentu. 122 Undang-Undang Hutan Terdahulu Mana-mana undang-undang yang berhubungan dengan hutan yang berkuat kuasa dalam sesuatu Negeri pada bila-bila masa sebelum Akta Perhutanan Negara 1984 mula berkuat kuasa. 123 Unit Pengurusan Hutan (FMU) Sesuatu kawasan hutan tertentu yang diurus untuk mencapai pelbagai objektif yang ditetapkan berdasarkan kepada rancangan pengurusan hutan jangka panjang. 124 Zon Penampan Alur Air Kawasan di sepanjang kedua-dua belah tebing alur air (yang mengandungi air sepanjang masa) yang perlu dikekalkan. Pokok sempadan kawasan zon ini ditanda dengan satu (1) gelangan cat kuning.
